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Chapter 1
the human body: an orientation
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/17/2011

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Term
gross anatomy
Definition
the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye
Term
regional anatomy
Definition
all structures in a region are studied in a group
Term
systemic anatomy
Definition
all the organs with related functions are studied together
Term
surface anatomy
Definition
the study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body
Term
microscopic anatomy or histology
Definition
the study of structures so small they can be seen only with a microscope
Term
developmental anatomy
Definition
traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan
Term
embryology
Definition
the study of how body structures form and develop before birth
Term
pathological anatomy
Definition
deals with structural changes caused by disease
Term
radiographic anatomy
Definition
the study of internal body structures by means of X-ray studies and other imaging techniques
Term
6 levels of structural complexity
Definition
1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organismal level
Term
functional subunits of the cell
Definition
cellular organells
Term
4 tissues that make up all the organs
Definition
epithelium-covers body surface and line the cavities; connective tissue-supports the body and protects the organs, muscle tissue-provides movement, nervous tissue-provides fast internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.
Term
integumentary system
Definition
external covering = skin, nails, hair
Term
skeletal system
Definition
bones and joints. protects and supports. blood cells. framework for muscles, stores minerals
Term
muscular system
Definition
movement, produces heat
Term
nervous system
Definition
fast-acting control system of the body responds to changes by activating muscles and glands. Brain, sensory receptor, nerves, spinal cord
Term
endocrine system
Definition
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
blood vessels transport blood, which carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc. the heart pumps blood
Term
lymphatic System/Immunity
Definition
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessles and returns it to blood disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells. the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances with in a body.
Term
respiratory system
Definition
keeps blood supplied with oxygen. removes carbon dioxide. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus
Term
digestive system
Definition
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces
Term
urinary system
Definition
eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Term
male reproductive system
Definition
prostrate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens .
Term
female reproductive system
Definition
mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
Term
micrometer
Definition
a millionth of a meter. human cells average 10 micrometers
Term
axial region
Definition
head neck and trunk
Term
trunk
Definition
thorax, abdomen, pelvis
Term
superior/inferior
Definition
upper/lower
Term
anterior(ventral)/posterior(dorsal)
Definition
front/back
Term
superficial/deep
Definition
surface/internal
Term
3 planes
Definition
transverse=horizontal plane, frontal=vertical dividing front from back, sagittal vertical dividing right from left (midsagittal=median) if the sagittal plane is offset from the mid plane they are parasagittal
Term
oblique sections
Definition
cut at an angle
Term
human body plan: all vertebrates share these characteristics
Definition
bilateral symmetry, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, segmentation, pharyngeal pouches
Term
dorsal body cavity
Definition
cranial cavity (enclose the brain), vertebral cavity (enclose the spinal cord)
Term
ventral cavity
Definition
contains visceral organs = lungs, heart, intestines, kidneys etc. 2 parts= a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity.
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
3 parts: 2 lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity and a central band of organs called the mediastinum
Term
mediastinum
Definition
the heart surrounded by a pericardial cavity. it also houses other major thoracic organs=esophagus and trachea
Term
adominopelvic cavity
Definition
2 parts: superior=abdominal cavity(liver, stomach, kidneys, etc.) and inferior=pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive, rectum) Most organs in the adominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal cavity
Term
Serious cavity
Definition
pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal
Term
parietal serosa
Definition
the outer wall of the cavity
Term
visceral serosa
Definition
inner wall
Term
serous fluid
Definition
lies between the parietal and visceral serosa
Term
orbital cavity
Definition
house the eyes
Term
synovial cavities
Definition
joint cavities
Term
charges of stains
Definition
+ basic, - acid
Term
type of stain used for electron microscopy
Definition
heavy-metal salts
Term
scanning electron microscopy
Definition
3D picture of whole unsectioned surfaces
Term
artifacts
Definition
minor distortions caused by the preparation of tissue for microscopy
Term
fluoroscope
Definition
the fluorescent screen x-rays can be viewed on as image is generated allowing for movement
Term
cineradiography
Definition
the technique of using x-ray cinema film
Term
contrast medium
Definition
fluid used to fill organs for viewing. heavy elements such as barium are used to absorb more of the x-rays.
Term
computed tomography (ct)
computed axial tomography
Definition
ct or cat. the recorder rotates around the body in the tube producing an computer enhanced image of a transverse body plane
Term
dynamic spatial reconstruction
Definition
during this process several ct sections are assembled into 3d images which can be rotated an seen from every angle. movements can be scrutinized at normal speed or slow motion or at a specific moment.
Term
xenon ct
Definition
used to diagnose a stroke (a blocking or cutting off of the blood flowing to the brain) Xenon is an inert gas that the patient breathes. it enters the blood stream and if is absent from part of the brain that indicates a stroke has occurred.
Term
digital subtraction angiography imaging
Definition
provides unobstructed view of smaller arteries.
Term
positron emission tomography
Definition
produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Term
sonography or ultrasound imaging
Definition
the body is probed with pulses of high frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves that reflect off the bodies tissues. a computer analyzes the echoes to construct sectional images.
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Definition
produces high contrast images of soft tissue. detects levels of hydrogen in the body (common in water) and can distinguish between types of tissues due to their varying amounts of water.
Term
functional MRI
Definition
measures blood oxygen. good for studying brain function
Term
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Definition
maps the body distribution of elements other than hydrogen to reveal more about how diseases change body chemistry
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