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Chapter 14 & 15
CNS and ANS
120
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/20/2014

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Cards

Term
Pons (question)
Definition
The _______ is most closely associated with the cerebellum in embryonic developement and remains its primary souce of input fibers throughtout life.
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
CN IX, X, XI and XII. cardiac and respiratory centers. Vital reflexive centers-coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Rec'v infor from Frontal lobe (motor cortex) - propricetors. balance and equil. L/R Hemi connected by vermis. contains 50% of neurons in brain
Term
Reticular formation
Definition
relay info from eyes & ears to cerebellum, allows tracking (eye) moving object, can dilate/constrict blood vessels, reg sleep, injury - coma. Regulate balance & posture.
Term
corpora quadrigemina
Definition
tectum (4 colliculi) roof of brain stem
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Diencephalon, sensory relay station, GM, surrounding 3rd vent, interconnected to limbic system -emotional & memory functions
Term
Frontal lobe (question)
Definition
Which of the following does not receive any input from the eyes?
Term
Cerebral hemispheres
Definition
If the telencephalon was removed from a 5 week old embryo, what would fail to develop in fetus?
Term
Pons (descripition)
Definition
Ascending/Descending tracts-pathway in/out cerebellum. CN V,VI, VII, VIII.
sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expression and sensation, repiration, swallowing, bladder control and posture.
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
The blood-CSF barrier is formed by _______.
Term
Reticular activating system (question)
Definition
While studying in a noisy cafeteria, you get sleepy and doze off for a few minutes. You awaken with a start and realize that all the cafeteria sounds have just "come back." While you were dozing, this auditory input was blocked from reaching your auditory cortex by_______________.
Term
Hypothalamus (question)
Definition
Because of a brain lesion, a certain patient never feels full, but eats so excessively that she now weighs nearly 600lb. The lesion is most likely in her _______________.
Term
abducens (question)
Definition
Damage to the ___________ nerve could result in defects of eye movement.
Term
Accessory (question)
Definition
All of the following except the _________nerve begin or end in the orbit.
Term
Corpus Callosum (question)
Definition
The right and left cerbral hemispheres are connected to each other by a thick C-shaped bundle of fibers called the _______.
Term
Arbor vitae
Definition
On a sagittal plane, the cerebellar white matter exhibits a branching pattern called the ____________.
Term
Choroid plexuses (question)
Definition
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted partly by a mass of blood capillaries called the ___________ in each ventricle.
Term
Precentral
Definition
The primary motor area of the cerebrum is the __________ gyrus of the frontal lobe.
Term
Frontal (question)
Definition
A lesion in which lobe of the cerebrum is most likely to cause a radical alteration of the personality?
Term
Association areas
Definition
Areas of the cerbral cortex that identify or interpret sensory information are called__________.
Term
Contralateral neglect syndrome
Definition
Parietal lobe - don't recognize 1/2 of their faces - women only put make up on 1/2 face.
Term
Prosopagosia
Definition
Temporal lobe - inability to recognize faces
Term
Nonfluent aphasia
Definition
Broca lesion- slow speech, diff in choosing words.
Term
Fluent aphasia
Definition
Wernicke lesion- speech normal & excessive, but makes little sense.
Term
Broca's area (description)
Definition
generates motor program for action -larynx, tongue, cheeks & lips. (left hemisphere -frontal lobe)
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
permits recognition of spoken & written language & creates plan of speech. lesion = inability to understand joke (angular gyrus processes)(left hemisphere - lower postcentral gyrus-temporal lobe)
Term
Lower postcentral gyrus
Definition
sensory - taste
Term
Aprosodia
Definition
Affective language area lesions produce________.
Term
Descending corticospinal fibers
Definition
The pyramids of the medulla oblongata contain _____________.
Term
Broca area (question)
Definition
The motor pattern for speech is generated in an area of cortex called the ________ and then transmitted to the primary motor cortex to be carried out.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
walls/floor of 3rd vent. Controls ANS, hormone secretion, theromo reg, satiety (hunger) circadian (sleep/wake) memory, emotional behavior
Term
Occipital lobe (desp)
Definition
vision
Term
Parietal lobe (desp)
Definition
sensory & integration of sensory information.
Term
Temporal lobe (desp)
Definition
hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior. (lesion may cause inability to recognize faces or objects)
Term
Frontal lobe (desp)
Definition
motor functions, areas for planning, mood, smell and social judgement (personality)
Term
Commissural tracts
(white matter)
Definition
inside corpus callosum, cross from one hemisphere to the other.
Term
Association tracts
(white matter)
Definition
long tracks - lobe to lobe
short track - gyrus to gyrus
with in same hemisphere
Term
Projection tracts
(white matter)
Definition
extend vertically from brain to spinal cord. ie: Corticospinal tract carries signals from cerebrum to brainstem.
Term
Beta Waves
Definition
perform mental task, math, not part of sleep cycle. (14-30Hz)
Term
Alpha Waves
Definition
stage 1 of sleep, -awake, relaxing & resting eyes closed ((7-14Hz)
Term
Sleep Spindles
Definition
stage 2 of sleep - easily aroused (13Hz)
Term
Theta Waves
Definition
stage 3 of sleep -(or emotinal stress) normal for children. BP, pulse and breathing rates drop. light sleep
(4-7Hz)
Term
Delta Waves
Definition
stage 4 of sleep - deep sleep, difficult to arouse. (1-4Hz)
Term
EEG (process)
electroencephalography
Definition
graphy - records voltage changes from postsynaptic potentials (process of doing it)
Term
EEG (machine)
echoencephalograph
Definition
graph - machine
Term
EEG (recording)
electroencephalogram
Definition
gram - print out
Term
Olfactory I
Definition
(S)- nasal cavity, cribiform plate, olfactory bulb, smell,(does not join brain stem)
Term
Optic II
Definition
(S)- retina, optic nerve, optic foramen, optic chiasm, sight, (does not join brain stem)
Term
Oculomotor III
Definition
(M)- from brain to eye/midbrain, superior orbital fissure, eye and pupil, controls constriction of pupil, upper eyelid, ability to focus, (except Superior Oblique and Lateral Retus muscle)
Term
Trochlear IV
Definition
(M)- from brain to eye/midbrain, superior orbital fissure, eye, superior oblique muscle.
Term
Trigeminal V
Definition
(MX-mainly S)- Pons, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, opthalmic (S), Maxillary (S), Mandibular (M), facial sensation, teeth and gums, mastication
Term
Abducens VI
Definition
(M)- Pons, superior orbital fissure, eye, eye movement side to side, lateral rectus muscle
Term
Facial VII
Definition
(MX-mainly M)-Pons, internal acoustic meatus & stylomastoid, taste (S), Facial expression (M), smile, tears, Anterior 2/3 tongue, taste (saltly/sweet), salivary glands and facial expression
Term
Vestibulocochlear VIII
Definition
(MX-mainly S)- Pons, internal acoustic meatus, cochlea (S), Inner ear (M), hearing and equilibrium
Term
Glossopharyngeal IX
Definition
(MX)- Medulla Oblongata, jugular foramen,taste (S), Speech (M), posterior 1/3 tongue, taste, speech, swallowing, gagging
Term
Vagus X
Definition
(MX)- Medulla Oblongata, jugular foramen, hunger (S), slows heart(M), taste, hunger/fullness, swallowing, slows heart rate, controls bowels, bronchoconstriction
Term
Spinal Accessory XI
Definition
(M)- Medulla Oblongata, jugular foramen, head and shoulders, shrug shoulders, move head and neck, swallowing
Term
Hypoglossal XII
Definition
(M)- Medulla Oblongata, Hypoglossal canal, tongue movement, swallowing, speech
Term
Basal ganglia (basal nucleus)
Definition
mass of GM deep to cerebral cortex, input from substantia nigra & motor cortex & sends signals back, motor (muscle)control (inhibition of tremors)
failure = Parkinson's Disease
Term
Left Hempisphere
Definition
involved with math and reasoning skills, location of verbal thought process, Broca's area in most people, 91% of the population.
Term
Limbic system
Definition
loop of cortical structures - amygdala, hippocampus, fornix & cingulate gyrus
Term
Amygdala
Definition
important in emotions
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
important in memory
Term
Rostal
Definition
towards forehead
Term
Caudal
Definition
towards spinal cord
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
contains 83% of brain volume
Term
Agnosia
Definition
inabliltiy to recognize objects - lesion on temporal lobe
Term
Gray matter
Definition
Cerebral cortex, Basal Nuclei (ganglion) and limbic system
Term
Every sensation
Definition
has receiving and association tracks
Term
Amygdala and hypothalamus
Definition
emotions/emotions form here
Term
Premotor area
Definition
frontal lobe-intention to contract skeletal muscle begins here.
Term
somatosensory (somatic)cortex
Definition
next to somatosensory association area (postcentral gyrus) - thalamus relays signals to
Term
Superchiasmatic nucleus
Definition
biological clock - circadian cycle (sleep/wake)
Term
Circumventricular organs (CVO)
Definition
in the 3rd & 4th ventricules breaks in the blood barrier - viruses can get in (ie: HIV)and invade brain
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
layer covering surface of hemi. 2-3mm thick, 40% of mass of brain, contains 14-16 billion neurons. 2 types of neurons -stellate and Pyramidal cells
Term
lateral genicutate nuclues
Definition
important for vision-relays to the occipital lobe
Term
Superior colliculus
Definition
head turning reflex due to visual stimulation
Term
Inferior colliculus
Definition
head turning reflex due to auditory stimulation
Term
Olives
Definition
on the Medulla Oblongata, sends output to cerebellum
Term
Right hemisphere
Definition
nonverbal hemisphere, holistically, imagination, insight, musical, artistic
Term
Stellate cells
Definition
cerebral cortex neuron- dendrites in all directions -receives sensory input
Term
Pyramidal cells
Definition
cerebral cortex neuron - output -synapase in deep regions of brain
Term
Purkinje cells
Definition
cerebellum- single layer in cortex - deep nuclei
Term
Pituitary gland
Definition
master gland which controls other glands in endocrine
Term
Retrograde amnesia
Definition
loss of memories from past. nothing to do with procedural memory-ie:typing
Term
general senses
Definition
pain, proprioception (sense of body parts), pressure,heat, cold, movement, stretch
Term
special senses
Definition
vision, smell, taste, hearing and balance
Term
smell
Definition
in medial temporal lobe & inferior frontal lobe
Term
Corpus Callosum (define)
Definition
commissural tracks - connects L/R hemi
Term
Adrenal Medulla
Definition
(on top of kidneys)modified sympathetic postganglion fibers -secrete hormones into blood not other neurons (catecholamines)ie:epinephrine
Term
Adrenal Cortex
Definition
(on top of kidneys) kidneys)secretes steroid hormones - outer part of adrenal gland
Term
Homunculus
Definition
precentral gyrus, pyramidal cells, map diagramming motor output, reflects input of tactil stimuli-opposite side of body
Term
Splanchnic nerve
Definition
carries sympathetic ganglia
Term
Thoracolumbar (aka Sympathetic NS)
Definition
(T1-L2)lateral horns-presynaptic neurons, sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral), neuronal divergence
Term
Craniosacral (aka Parasympathic NS)
Definition
(S2-S4)preganglionic fibers -pons & medulla oblongata, CN III, VII, IX, X
Term
Emergency (Sympathetic)
Definition
collateral ganglia connects pre to post to splanchnic nerves
Term
Terminal ganglia
Definition
in target organs - long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers (effector)
Term
sympathetic fibers
Definition
adrenal medulla, kidneys, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands & blood vessels
Term
Lacrimal glands (tears)
Definition
innervated by parasympathetic only
Term
Sympathomimetics
Definition
enhance sympathetic activity, increase norepinephrine release (ie: inhaler -dilates airway)
Term
Sympatholytics
Definition
suppress sympatheitc activity, inhibits norepinephrine release or blocks receptors
Term
Clinical depression
Definition
Prozac blocks reuptake of serotonin to prolong its mood elevating effect
Term
Caffeine
Definition
competes with adenosine to inhibit causing sleepiness by binding to its receptors
Term
Hypoglossal
Definition
All of the following cranial nerves except the __________ carry parasympathetic fibers.
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
Muscarinic receptors bind _________.
Term
Nicotinic receptors
Definition
occur on all ANS postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla, excitatory when ACh binding occurs.
Term
Parasympathic outflow
Definition
CN III, IX, VII, X
Term
Adrenal medulla (question)
Definition
Epinephrine is secreted by ____________.
Term
Neuronal divergence
Definition
one preganglionic cell to many postganglionic cells
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
The autonomic nervous system innervates all of these except ________.
Term
Adrenal medulla (question)
Definition
Epinephrine is secreted by ___________.
Term
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
(question)
Definition
The gray communicating ramus contains ___________.
Term
Nicotinic (question)
Definition
Throughout the autonomic nervous system, the neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic fiber binds to ________receptors on the postganglionic neuron.
Term
Lateral gray horn
Definition
thoracolumbar region only (T1-L2)
Term
Digestive secretion
Definition
Which of these does not result from sympathetic stimulation?
Term
Vasomotor tone
Definition
balance between constriction and dilation
Term
cAMP (question)
Definition
Adrenergic receptors classified as Alpha, Beta, act by changing the level of _______ in the target cell.
Term
Sympathetic (question)
Definition
The adrenal medulla consists of modified postganglionic neurons of the _________ nervous system.
Term
Vagus (question)
Definition
Most parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are found in the _________nerve.
Term
Paravertebral ganglia
Definition
aka Sympathetic chain ganglia - 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, 4 sacral & 1 coccygeal ganglia
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