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Chapter 14
Autonomic Nervous System
90
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/06/2012

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Term
What does the ANS consist of?
Definition
Motor neurons
Term
What are the functions of the Motor Neurons within the ANS?
Definition
Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities
Term
How do the Motor Neurons of the ANS operate?
Definition
Via subconscious control
Term
What are the common effectors of the Motor Neurons of the ANS?
Definition
Viscera
Term
Effectors of the SNS
Definition
Skeletal Muscles
Term
Effectors of teh ANS
Definition
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Term
Efferent Pathways of the Somatic Motor system: Composition
Definition
Heavily myelinated axons extend from the CNS to the effector (skeletal muscle). Two-neuron chain system which synapse into a ganglion peripheral to the CNS
Term
Ganglion
Definition
mass of neural tissue composed of cell bodies
Term
Axons of the ANS: Composition
Definition
Two-neuron chain. Preganglionic and post ganglionic.
Term
ANS preganglion neuron: composition
Definition
Lightly myelinated axon
Term
ANS postganglionic neuron: composition
Definition
Unmyelinated axon that ends to an effector organ
Term
All somatic motor neurons release...
Definition
Acetycholine
Term
Acetycholine has an....
Definition
excitatory effect
Term
Neurotransmitter effects in the ANS: Step 1
Definition
Preganglion fibers release ACh
Term
Neurotransmitter effects in the ANS: Step 2
Definition
Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory
Term
Neurotransmitter effects in the ANS: Step 3
Definition
ANS effect on the target organ is dependent upon the neurotransmitter released and the receptor type of the effector
Term
Divisions of the ANS
Definition
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic
Term
Origins of Fibers: Sympathetic
Definition
Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
Term
Origins of fibers: Parasympathetic
Definition
Brain and sacral spinal cord
Term
Length of fibers: Sympathetic
Definition
Short preganglionic, and long postganglionic
Term
Length of fibers: Parasympathetic
Definition
Long preganglionic, short postganglionic
Term
Location of ganglia: Sympathetic
Definition
Close to the Spinal Cord
Term
Location of ganglia: Parasympathetic
Definition
In the visceral effector organs
Term
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division Outflow: Cranial Nerves
Definition
Oculomotor, III
Facial, VII
Glossopharyngeal, IX
Vagus X
Term
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division Outflow: Sacral
Definition
S2-S4
Term
Cranial Outflow: Oculomotor, III: Terminal Ganglia
Definition
Ciliary
Term
Cranial Outflow: Oculomotor, III: Effector Organ(s)
Definition
Eye
Term
Cranial Outflow: Facial, VII: Terminal Ganglia
Definition
Pterygopalatine, Submandibular
Term
Cranial Outflow: Facial, VII: Effector Organ(s)
Definition
Salivary, Nasal, and lacrimal glands
Term
Cranial Outflow: Glossopharygneal, IX: Terminal Ganglia
Definition
Otic
Term
Cranial Outflow: Glossopharygneal, IX: Effector Organ(s)
Definition
Parotid salivary glands
Term
Cranial Outflow: Vagus, X: Terminal Ganglia
Definition
Within the walls of target organs
Term
Cranial Outflow: Vagus, X: Effector organ(s)
Definition
Heart, lungs, and most visceral organs
Term
Sacral Outflow: Terminal Ganglia
Definition
Within the walls of target organs
Term
Sacral Outflow: Effector Organ(s)
Definition
Large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs
Term
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division: Location of preganglionic neurons
Definition
Spinal cord segments T1-L2
Term
Lateral horns of the spinal cord produced by:
Definition
Sympathetic neurons
Term
Sympathetic Division: Anatomy with the Spinal Cord
Definition
Preganglionic fibers pass through the white rami communicantes and enter sympathetic trunk (paraveterbral) ganglia
Term
Role of Sympathetic Division
Definition
Mobilizing the body during extreme situations
Term
Role of Parasympathetic division
Definition
Performing maintenance activities and conserves body energy
Term
Dual innervation
Definition
Two divisions counterbalance each other
Term
Role of the Parasympathetic division:
Definition
Keeping body energy use low
Term
Role of the parasympathetic division: D's
Definition
Digestion, defecation, diuresis (urine production)
Term
Role of the Sympathetic Division
Definition
Fight or flight. Promotes adjustments during exercise - blood flow to organs is reduced, flow to muscles is increased
Term
Role of the Sympathetic Division: E's
Definition
exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Term
Sympathetic Outflow: Spinal cord segments
Definition
T1 through L2
Sympathetic neurons produce the lateral horns of the spinal cord
Term
Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways: How many pathways?
Definition
A preganglionic fiber follows one of three pathways upon entering the paraveretebralganglia
Term
Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways: 1st pathway
Definition
Preganglionic fiber enters the paravertebral ganglia and synapses with the ganglion neuron within the same ganglion
Term
Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways: 2nd pathway
Definition
Preganglionic fiber enters the paravertebral ganglia and ascends or descends the sympathetic chain to synapse in another chain ganglion
Term
Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways: 3rd pathway
Definition
Preganglionic fiber enters the paravertebral ganglia and passes through the chain ganglion and emerge without synapsing
Term
Pathways to the Head: Sympathetic Division
Definition
Preganglionc fibers emerge from T1-T4 and synapse in the superior cervical ganglion
Term
Pathways to the Head: Sympathetic division: Purpose of fibers
Definition
Serve the skin and blood vessels of the head, stimulate dilator muscles of the iris, inhibit nasal and salivary glands
Term
Pathways to the Thorax: Sympathetic Division: Preganglionic Fibers
Definition
Emerge from T1-T6 and synapse in the cervical chain ganglia
Term
Pathways to the Thorax: Sympathetic Division: Postganglionic Fibers
Definition
Emerge from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia and enter nerves C4-C8
Term
Sympathetic Nerve fibers: Cervical ganglia
Definition
Innervating the heart via the cardiac plexus, as well as innervating the thyroid and the skin
Term
Sympathetic nerve fibers: T1-T6
Definition
Preganglionic fibers synapse in the nearest chain ganglia
Term
Sympathetic nerve fibers: T1-T6 - Purpose
Definition
Postganglionic fibers directly serve the heart, aorta, lungs, and esophagus
Term
Pathways with Synapses in Collateral Ganglia
Definition
Form thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnic nerves
Term
Pathways to the Abdomen: Nerve origin
Definition
Preganglionic nerves from T5-L2
Term
Pathways to the Abdomen: Travel and Synapse
Definition
Travel through the thoracic splanschnic nerves and synapse at the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
Term
Pathways to the Abdomen: Nerve purpose
Definition
Postganglionic fibers serve the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys
Term
Pathways to the Pelvis: Origin
Definition
T10-L2
Term
Pathways to the Pelvis: Travel
Definition
Travel via the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves to the inferior mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia
Term
Pathways to the Pelvis: Purpose
Definition
Postganglionic fibers serve the distal half of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the reproductive organs
Term
Pathways with Synapses in the Adrenal Medulla
Definition
Fibers of the thoracic splanchnic nerve pass directly to the adrenal medulla
Term
Pathways with Synapses in the Adrenal Medulla: Stimulation
Definition
Medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood
Term
Neurotransmitters and Receptors: Major transmitters of the ANS
Definition
Acetycholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)
Term
What is ACh released by?
Definition
All preganglionic axons and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons
Term
What is a Cholinergic fiber?
Definition
ACh-releasing fiber
Term
What is an Adrenergic fiber?
Definition
sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE
Term
Neurotransmitter effects depends on what?
Definition
Excitatory or inhibitory depending upon receptor type
Term
What are the two types of Cholinergic (ACh releasing) Receptors?
Definition
Nicotinic and Muscarinic. They are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects
Term
Where are nicotinic receptors found on?
Definition
Motor end plates (somatic targets)
All ganglion neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla
Term
Effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always....
Definition
Stimulatory
Term
Where do muscarinic receptors occur on?
Definition
All effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers.
Term
The effect of ACh binding to Muscarinic receptors...
Definition
Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
Term
The effect of ACh binding to muscarinic receptors depends on...
Definition
the receptor type of the target organ
Term
Two types of Adrenergic Receptors
Definition
Alpha or Beta
Term
How many subclasses of Alpha Adrenergic receptors?
Definition
Two. Alpha 1, Alpha 2
Term
How many subclasses of Beta Adrenergic Receptors?
Definition
Three. Beta 1, Beta 2, Beta 3
Term
Effects of NE binding to Alpha receptors
Definition
Generally stimulatory
Term
Effects of NE binding to Beta receptors?
Definition
Generally inhibitory
Term
Effects of NE binding to Beta receptors, notable exception.
Definition
NE binding to Beta receptors of the heart is stimulatory
Term
OTC drugs for colds, allergies, and nasal congestion
Definition
Stimulate Alpha-adrenergic receptors
Term
Beta-blockers
Definition
Drugs that attach to B2 receptors to dilate lung bronchioles in asthmatics, other use
Term
Cooperative effects of Divisions
Definition
Control of the external gentialia
Term
Cooperative effects of Divisions: Parasympathetic
Definition
Cause vasodilation; are responsible for erection of the penis or clitoris
Term
Cooperative effects of Divisions: Sympathetic division
Definition
Cause ejaculation of semen in males and reflex contraction of a female's vagina
Term
Unique roles of the sympathetic division
Definition
Adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, and most blood vessels recieve only sympathetic fibers
Term
Unique Roles of the Sympathetic Division: Controls
Definition
Thermoregulatory respones to heat.
Metabolic effects: Increases metabolic rates of cells, raises blood glucose levels, mobilizes fats for use as fuels
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