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Chapter 14
PNS Exam III
154
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/06/2011

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Term
Structural components of PNS
Definition
Sensory receptors, motor endings, nerves and ganglia.
Term
Sensory receptors
Definition
Detect stimuli
Term
Motor endings
Definition
Innervate effectors
Term
Nerves and Ganglia
Definition
Bundles of axons and clusters of cell bodies.
Term
Peripheral Sensory Receptors: Two categories
Definition
Free nerve endings, Complete receptor cells. Can also be classified by location, type of stimulus detected, or structure.
Term
Peripheral Sensory Receptors: Free nerve endings
Definition
Monitor most types of general sensory info (touch, pain, pressure, proprioception, temp.)
Term
Peripheral Sensory Receptors: Complete receptor cells
Definition
Monitor special senses (taste, vision, hearing, balance)
Term
Peripheral Sensory Receptors: Location
Definition
Exteroceptors (stimuli outside body), Interoceptors (stimuli inside body), Proprioceptors (musculoskeletal)
Term
Peripheral Sensory Receptors: Stimulus detected
Definition
Mechanoreceptors (mechanical forces)
Thermoreceptors (temperature)
Chemoreceptors (chemicals)
Photoreceptors (light)
Nociceptors (pain)
Term
PSR: Free nerve endings: location
Definition
Abundant in epithelia and its corresponding CT (mostly pain and temperature)
Term
PSR: Free nerve endings: Merkel discs
Definition
(Merkel cells innervated by sensory nerve ending) – slowly adapting, light touch
Term
PSR: Free nerve endings: Hair follicle receptors
Definition
wrap around follicles, light touch, rapidly adapting.
Term
PSR: Free nerve endings: Itch receptor
Definition
located in dermis.
Term
PSR: Encapsulated Nerve Endings: overview
Definition
One or more end fibers of sensory neurons enclosed in CT capsule.
All are mechanoreceptors.
Amplify stimulus or filter stimuli.
Term
PSR: Encapsulated nerve endings: Meissner's Corpuscles
Definition
Beneath epidermis, fine touch – mostly areas without hair
Term
PSR: Encapsulated nerve endings: Pacinian corpuscles
Definition
Located in deep CT (e.g., hypodermis)
Sense vibration
Term
PSR: Encapsulated nerve endings: Ruffini's corpuscles
Definition
Located in dermis, joint capsules, hypodermis
Monitor continuous pressure
Term
PSR: Encapsulated nerve endings: Proprioceptors 3 types
Definition
Muscle spindles, Golgi Tendon Organs, Joint Kinesthetic Receptors.
Term
PSR: Encapsulated nerve endings: Proprioceptors: Muscle Spindles
Definition
measure change in muscle length.
Term
PSR: Encapsulated nerve endings: Proprioceptors: Golgi Tendon Organs
Definition
Near muscle-tendon junction, measure tension in tendon.
Term
PSR: Encapsulated nerve endings: Proprioceptors: Joint Kinesthetic receptors
Definition
Measure stretch in synovial joints.
Term
Peripheral Motor Endings: Types
Definition
Skeletal muscle, visceral muscle and glands.
Term
Peripheral Motor Endings: Skeletal Muscle composition
Definition
One neuromuscular junction is associated with each muscle fiber
Term
Peripheral Motor Endings: Skeletal Muscle function
Definition
Axon terminals release neurotransmitter, which crosses to sarcolemma
Term
Peripheral Motor Endings: Visceral muscle and glands
Definition
Visceral motor axon swells into row of knobs (varicosities), releases neurotransmitter
Term
Cranial nerves: numbering
Definition
12 pairs numbered I-XII (rostral to caudal),
Term
Cranial nerves: First two pairs attach to ... rest attach to...
Definition
Forebrain, brain stem.
Term
Cranial nerves generally serve
Definition
Head and neck with exception of vagus.
Term
Cranial Nerves (CN): Nerve I Olfactory nerve type
Definition
Smell, sensory only.
Term
Nerve I Olfactory: location
Definition
most superior, most anterior-arises from forebrain.
Term
Nerve I Olfactory: Input goes through...
Definition
Rhinencephalon (only one that doesn't go through thalamus)
Term
Nerve II Optic: Overview, nerve type, damage
Definition
Vision, sensory only. If severed blindness occurs.
Term
Nerve II Optic: Nerve arises from
Definition
Forebrain
Term
Nerve II Optic: Input
Definition
rods and cones in retina, goes through thalamus, then to occipital lobe.
Term
Nerve II Optic: Optic chiasma allows...
Definition
some crossing over.
Term
Nerve III Oculomotor: Overview
Definition
Primarily motor (a few sensory proprioceptors report back the position of the eyeball)
Term
Nerve III Oculomotor: Function
Definition
Controls 4 of 6 skeletal muscles that move eye in orbit and iris (autonomic)
Term
Nerve III Oculomotor: Composition
Definition
Somatic branch of nervous system.
Term
Nerve III Oculomotor: Arises from...
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Nerve III Oculomotor: If severed...
Definition
eyelid may droop or person may not be able to move eyeball in certain direction.
Term
Nerve IV Trochlear (pulley): Nerve type
Definition
Small motor nerve.
Term
Nerve IV Trochlear (pulley): Function
Definition
Innervates superior oblique muscle of eye, which is responsible for downward and outward (lateral) movement
Term
Nerve IV Trochlear: Damage impairs...
Definition
movement and causes double vision.
Term
Nerve V Trigeminal: Nerve type, fun fact
Definition
Mixed nerve – largest cranial nerve, is the nerve numbed at dentist.
Term
Nerve V Trigeminal: Arises from
Definition
Pons
Term
Nerve V Trigeminal: 3 divisions
Definition
Opthalamic, maxillary, mandibular.
Term
Nerve V Trigeminal: Motor functions
Definition
Chewing (mastication)
Term
Nerve V Trigeminal: Sensory functions
Definition
info from skin and muscles of face, teeth.
Term
Nerve V Trigeminal: Damage to nerve can result in impaired...
Definition
chewing, lack of sensation from facial structures.
Term
Nerve VI Abducens: Nerve type
Definition
Mostly motor
Term
Nerve VI Abducens: Arises from...
Definition
Inferior pons
Term
Nerve VI Abducens: Function
Definition
Innervates lateral rectus muscle of eye (abducts)
Term
Nerve VI Abducens: Damage causes...
Definition
crossed eyes (estropia)
Term
Nerve VII Facial: Nerve type
Definition
Mixed nerve.
Term
Nerve VII Facial: Arises from
Definition
Pons
Term
Nerve VII Facial: Skeletal function
Definition
innervates muscles of facial expression.
Term
Nerve VII Facial: Autonomic function
Definition
Innervates salivary glands (exocrine)
Term
Nerve VII Facial: Taste function
Definition
Taste sensation, controls taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue. (Sweet)
Term
Nerve VII Facial: Damage causes inability to...
Definition
contract facial muscles, distorted taste.
Term
Nerve VII Facial: Bell's Palsy (usually due to virus)
Definition
Causes affected side of face to sag due to lost muscle tone.
Term
Nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear: Nerve type
Definition
Purely sensory
Term
Nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear: The only cranial nerve that does not exit cranium through a ...
Definition
foramen.
Term
Nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear: Arises from...
Definition
both pons and medulla.
Term
Nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear: 2 main branches
Definition
Vestibular nerve, Cochlear nerve
Term
Nerve VI Vestibulocochlear: Vestibular nerve function and damage
Definition
balance, damage causes dizziness and imbalance.
Term
Nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear: Cochlear nerve function and damage
Definition
hearing, damage causes sensory deafness.
Term
Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal: Nomenclature
Definition
Glossa=tongue, pharynx=throat
Term
Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal: Nerve type
Definition
Mixed nerve
Term
Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal: Skeletal muscle function
Definition
Innervates muscles in throat and tongue (swallowing)
Term
Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal: Autonomic function
Definition
Innervates salivary glands.
Term
Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal: Taste function
Definition
Controls taste in posterior 1/3 on tongue (bitter and sour)
Term
Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal: Arises from
Definition
Medulla
Term
Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal: Damage causes loss of...
Definition
bitter and sour tasting, impairs swallowing.
Term
Nerve X Vagus: Arises from
Definition
Medulla
Term
Nerve X Vagus: Nomenclature
Definition
Vagus= wanderer
Term
Nerve X Vagus: Nerve type
Definition
KEY autonomic nerve, mixed.
Term
Nerve X Vagus: Where nerve goes
Definition
Goes through entire thoracic and abdominal cavity.
Term
Nerve X Vagus: If both vagus nerves are damaged...
Definition
Death would occur.
Term
Nerve X Vagus: Damage to one nerve causes
Definition
vocal impairment, difficulty swallowing, and visceral issues.
Term
Nerve XI Accessory: Nerve type
Definition
Motor only
Term
Nerve XI Accessory: Arises from...
Definition
Medulla and part of spinal cord.
Term
Nerve XI Accessory: Function
Definition
Moves neck/head/shoulders (shoulder shrug nerve)
Term
Nerve XI Accessory: Innervates...
Definition
Sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius.
Term
Nerve XI Accessory: Damage makes it difficult to...
Definition
move shoulders and head.
Term
Nerve XII Hypoglossal: Nomenclature
Definition
Hypo=under, glossal=tongue
Term
Nerve XII Hypoglossal: Nerve type
Definition
Motor only
Term
Nerve XII Hypoglossal: Arises from
Definition
Medulla
Term
Nerve XII Hypoglossal: Function
Definition
Innervates tongue muscles.
Term
Nerve XII Hypoglossal: If nerve is damaged, person will have difficulty...
Definition
speaking, swallowing, and protruding tongue.
Term
Cranial nerves: Sensory neuron cell bodies are located...
Definition
in receptor organs (nose) or cranial sensory ganglia.
Term
Cranial nerves: Motor neuron cell bodies are located in...
Definition
ventral gray matter of brain stem.
Term
Spinal nerves: How many pairs?
Definition
31 pairs, 62 nerves.
Term
Spinal nerves: Exit spinal column via...
Definition
intervertebral foramina
Term
Spinal nerves: Nerves C1-C7 leave the spinal cord...
Definition
ABOVE the corresponding vertebrae (in general)
Term
Spinal Nerves: Ex. C1 leaves...C1, C2 leaves...C1 and ...C2
Definition
above, below, above
Term
Spinal Nerves: Ex.(Exception to rule) Nerve C8 leaves ... C7 and ... T1
Definition
below, above
Term
Spinal nerves: Thoracic nerves leave...corresponding vertebrae
Definition
below
Term
Spinal Nerves: EX. T6 leaves ... T6, and ...T7
Definition
below, above
Term
Spinal Nerves: Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal also leave ... corresponding bones
Definition
below
Term
Spinal nerves: All nerves are...nerves
Definition
Mixed
Term
Spinal Nerves: The sensory and motor portions of nerves travel..., but enter and exit cord...
Definition
together, separately
Term
Spinal Nerves: Afferents (sensory)
Definition
enter cord via dorsal root (soma is outside of spinal cord in dorsal root ganglion)
Term
Spinal Nerves: Efferents (motor)
Definition
exit cord via ventral root (soma is in spinal cord in anterior horn)
Term
Spinal Nerves: Roots
Definition
Structures that enter and exit spinal cord, are sensory only or motor only. Converge together in order to exit intervertebral foramen (next to pedicles)
Term
Spinal Nerves: Rami overview
Definition
Branches that occur after sensory and motor re-join, two types Dorsal and Ventral ramus.
Term
Spinal Nerves: Rami: Dorsal ramus
Definition
Goes to posterior torso (innervates muscles, joints, and skin of back along vertebral column)
Term
Spinal Nerves: Rami: Ventral Ramus
Definition
Goes to anterior torso and limbs (innervates muscles and skin on lateral and anterior side of trunk, limbs)
Term
Spinal Nerves: Sympathetic rami (rami communicates)composition
Definition
Gray ramus and white ramus
Term
Spinal Nerves: Sympathetic rami overview
Definition
2 branches from each spinal nerve that connects to sympathetic trunk ganglion, which is part of ANS.
Term
Spinal Nerves: Sympathetic rami: Serves as a place where...
Definition
Sympathetic nerves separate from somatic motor neurons.
Term
Spinal Nerves: Sympathetic rami: Can consider them like sideroads that carry... up and down between segments
Definition
impulses
Term
Innervation of Back: Posterior neck and trunk innervated by...
Definition
Dorsal rami
Term
Innervation of the back: Each rami innervates a...
Definition
strip of skin
Term
Innervation of the back: More simple than...
Definition
Ventral rami innervations
Term
Innervation of Anterior Thorax and Abdomen: Innervated by...
Definition
ventral rami
Term
Innervation of Anterior Thorax and Abdomen: Form...
Definition
intercostal nerves.
Term
Innervation of Anterior Thorax and Abdomen: Protected by...
Definition
costal groove.
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Overview
Definition
In most spinal nerves (NOT T2-T12), the anterior rami combine and split again as plexuses.
Term
Nerve plexuses: In which spinal nerves are they not found?
Definition
T2-T12
Term
Nerve plexus
Definition
network of nerves (formed by anterior/ventral rami)
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Within a plexus, fibers from different...
Definition
rami crisscross
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Each end branch of a plexus contains...
Definition
fibers from several different spinal nerves.
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Fibers from each...travel via ...routes
Definition
Ventral ramus, many
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus: Location
Definition
Includes anterior rami of C1-C4, plus part of C5
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus: Some fibers also...with...nerves.
Definition
combine, cranial (accessory nerve)
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus: Phrenic nerve
Definition
innervated diaphragm (sensory and motor)
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus: Places it innervates
Definition
Branches of cervical plexus innervate skin and muscles of neck, portions of head and shoulders.
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Brachial plexus: Muscles it serves
Definition
Primarily serves arm muscles, some neck and shoulder
Term
Nerve plexuses: Brachial plexus location
Definition
Formed mostly by C5-T1- very complex
Term
Nerve plexuses: Brachial plexus median nerve
Definition
Innervates most muscles of anterior forearm and lateral palm
Term
Nerve plexuses: Ulnar nerve:
Definition
wraps around the medial epicondyle to innervate some muscles of anterior forearm and hand, as well as sensory to the medial side of the hand.
Term
Nerve plexuses: Lumbar plexus location
Definition
Formed mostly by L1-L4
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Lumbar plexus: Muscles it serves
Definition
Serves muscles of abdomen, anterior/medial parts of leg
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Lumbar plexus: Obturator nerve
Definition
Runs through obturator foramen
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Sacral plexus location
Definition
Formed by L4-S5
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Sacral plexus: Muscles it serves
Definition
Muscles of pelvic area, posterior /lateral parts of leg, lower back, dorsal and plantar food.
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Sacral nerves: Sciatic nerve: Places it goes through
Definition
Passes through pelvis and down back of leg
Term
Nerve plexuses: Sacral plexus: Sciatic nerve, two nerves that make it up
Definition
Tibial and common fibular nerves
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Sacral Plexus: The sciatic nerve is the ... nerve in the body
Definition
Largest
Term
Joint innervation: Every ... receives ...branches from several...
Definition
joint capsule, sensory, nerves
Term
Joint innervation: Hilton's law
Definition
any nerve that innervates a muscle producing movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself (and the skin over it)
Term
Join innervation: Hilton's law simplified
Definition
Nerve that innervates a muscle that makes a joint move also innervates the joint.
Term
Dermatomes (Skin innervation) location
Definition
All spinal nerves except C1
Term
Dermatomes: Area of skin... by...branches from a single...
Definition
innervated, cutaneous, nerve
Term
Dermatomes: Trunk region direction
Definition
horizontal
Term
Dermatome: Limb regions
Definition
Vertical (sort of)
Term
Dermatomes: ... dermatomes can... significantly; limbs ... less
Definition
Trunk, overlap, overlap
Term
Dermatomes: Used clinically to...
Definition
Pinpoint level of spinal injuries, anesthesia
Term
Shingles: ... infection of ... neurons involving the skin
Definition
Viral, sensory
Term
Shingles: ... of ... blisters, along a ...
Definition
Rash, scaly painful, dermatome
Term
Shingles: Stems from..., virus lies...in ...
Definition
Chickenpox, dormant, sensory ganglion
Term
Myesthenia gravis:
Definition
Disorder of neuromuscular junction
Term
Myesthenia gravis: Weakening of...
Definition
muscles
Term
Myesthenia gravis is a ... disorder which destroys ... in ..., no ...
Definition
Autoimmune, Ach receptors, sarcolemma, contraction.
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