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| in Marxist theory, the group of workers who would overthrow the czar and come to rule Russia |
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| a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917 |
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| 1887 brother Alexander hanged for plotting to kill the czar; planned to overthrow the czar by early 1900s; after the revolution in 1917, Russians reverd him as the "Father of the Revolution"; major leader of the Bolsheviks; Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov; fled to western Europe to avoid arrest by the czarist regime in early 1900s |
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| a self-described "holy man," he claimd to have magical healing powers |
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| a political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and V.I. Lenin; originally the Russian Bolshevik Party |
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| "man of steell"; general secretary of the Communist Party in 1922, worked behind the scenes to move his supporters into positions of power; forced Trotsky into exile in 1929; 1928, was in total command of the Communist Party; dictator |
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| in line for the position of leading the Communist Party; forced into exile by Stalin in 1929 |
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| government control over every aspect of public and private life |
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| a campaign of terror in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist Party members and other citizens who threatened his power |
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| an economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions |
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| plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy |
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| a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small forms |
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| from Ukraine, fiercely resisted collectivization; murdered officials, torched the property of the collectives, and burned their own crops and grain in protest; eliminated by the government in 1935 |
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| the Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of Qing dynasty in 1912 |
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| leader of the Nationalist Party or Kuomintang; became president of the new Republic of China in 1912; hoped to establish a modern government based on the "Three Principles of the People" |
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| a nationalist protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference |
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| assistant librarian at Beijing University among the founders of the Chinese Communist Party; later became China's greatest revolutionary leader |
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| formerly called Chiang Kai-shek; headed the Kuomintang; son of middle-class merchant; many of his followers were bankers and businesspeople; feared the Communists' goal of creating a socialist economy modeled after the Soviet Union's; promised democracy and political rights to all Chinese; his government became steadily less democratic and more corrupt |
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| a 6,000-mile journey made in 1934-1935 by Chinese Communists fleeing from Jiang Jieshi's Nationalist forces |
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| laws passed in 1919 that allowed the British government in India to jail anti-British protesters without trial for as long as two years |
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| killing by British troops of nearly 400 Indians gathered at Amritsar to protest the Rowlatt Acts |
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| his teachings blended ideas from all of the major world religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity; was soon called Mahatma (great soul) |
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| a deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust |
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| a peaceful protest against the Salt Acts in 1930 in India in which Mohandas Gandhi led his followers on a 240-mile walk to the sea, where they made their own salt from evaporated seawater |
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| successfully led Turkish natioinalists in fighting back the Greeks and their British backers; separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation; abolished religious courts and created a new legal system based on European law; granted women the right to vote and to hold public office; launched government-funded programs to industrialize Turkey and to spur economic growth; "father of the Turks" |
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