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| military explorer, mapped overland trails to Oregon and California, assisted in Bear Flag Revolt in California |
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| newspaperman, coined the phrase "Manifest Destiny" in 1845 |
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| term coined by John O'Sullivan, American's had a God-given right to spread democracy, later an expansionist watchword |
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| party traveling to California, snowbound on the Nevada side of the Sierra Nevada's in 1846-7 and resorted to cannibalism |
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| Britain and United States agreed to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory |
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| Marcus and Narcissa Whitman |
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| Congregationalist missionaries to Oregon in 1836, 1847 killed by Cayuse Indians |
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| wave of enthusiasm about free land and patriotism that carried settlers to Oregon Territory |
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| treaty between Britain and the United States establishing the 49th parallel as the U.S.-Canada border, but leaving Vancouver to the British |
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| Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 |
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| codified practice of giving 320 acres to each white male age eighteen or over and 640 acres to each married couple to settle in the Oregon Territory |
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| American trappers and traders who lived permanently in New Mexico ("foreigners") |
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| first American empresario (land agents), signed contract with Mexico granting him land, became Mexican citizen and Catholic |
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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| president of Mexico, defeated Americans at the Alamo, was eventually routed by Americans and granted Texas independence |
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| mission fortress held by Americans besieged by Mexican forces, defeated after thirteen days by the much superior Mexican force |
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| American general won Battle of San Jacinto River crushing the Mexicans after the Alamo |
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| independent republic of Americans and Tejanos established when Santa Anna signed a peace treaty with Sam Houston in 1836 |
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| Whig president (His Accidentcy), became president after Harrison's death |
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| James K. Polk, an outspoken expansionist, was nominated by the Democrats, and Henry Clay, a more noncommittal politician, was nominated by the Whigs, Polk won by a narrow margin, the third party abolitionist candidate had a considerable showing |
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| "black horse" candidate from Tennessee, nominated by Democrats, outspoken expansionist |
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| American general in the Mexican American War, captured Palo Alto and Monterray, held Buena Vista, slaveholder, Whig winner of Presidential election of 1848, indecisive on Wilmot Proviso |
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| Nueces River: U.S. Mexico border claimed by Mexico; Rio Grande: farter southwest border claimed by U.S. |
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| revolt by a small group of Americans assisted by John C. Fremont who announced California's independence from Mexico |
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| replaced Taylor in Mexican American War, launched an amphibious attack on Veracruz and later captured Mexico City, later presidential candidate |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| Mexico gave up California and New Mexico, accepted the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, U.S. payed $15 million to Mexico |
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| expansionist movement that sought to conquer Central America and Cuba |
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| proposition by David Wilmot in a war appropriations bill that would forbid slavery in any territory gained by the Mexican American War |
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| opposition party established by abolitionists in 1840 that gained a significant amount of votes in the election of 1840, took votes away from both Whigs and Democrats |
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| outspoken Liberty Party member from Ohio, called for the divorce of slaver and government |
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| party that shifted focus from morality of slavery to the threat of slavery to northern expansion, wanted to limit slavery to states where it was already present, critics condemned it as racist by preventing any colored people to enter unorganized territory |
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| Democratic nominee Lewis Cass supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery, Whig nominee Zachary Taylor did not address the expansion of slavery publicly, Liberty Party candidate Martin Van Buren stole Democratic votes from Cass allowing Taylor to win |
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