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| courts that hear cases on appeal from other courts |
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| documents setting out the arguments in legal cases, prepared by attorneys and presented to courts |
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| describing a process by which indigents may file a suit with the Supreme Court free of charge |
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| actions by the courts that go beyond the strict role of the judiciary as the interpreter of the law and adjudicator of disputes |
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| the power of the Supreme Court to declare actions of the other branches and levels of government unconstitutional |
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| the explanation of the majority's reasoning that accompanies a court decision |
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| the authority of a court to be the first to hear a particular kind of case |
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| the doctrine that the courts must interpret the Constitution in ways consistent with the intentions of the framers rather than in light of contemporary conditions and needs |
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| rulings by the courts that guide judicial reasoning in subsequent cases |
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| the tradition that judicial nominations for federal district court appointments be cleared by the senior senator of the president's party from the relevant state |
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| the legal doctrine that says precedent should guide judicial decision making |
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| a case brought to force a ruling on the constitutionality of some law or executive action |
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| an announcement that the Supreme Court will hear a case on appeal from a lower court; its issuance requires the vote of four of the nine justices |
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| Creates the federal judicial branch; life terms; Congress can create courts; Chief justice |
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