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Chapter 14 - Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue
52
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/29/2011

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Term
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) composed of?
Definition
The brain and spinal cord
Term
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) composed of?
Definition
The cranial nerves, the spinal nerves, and ganglia
Term
The CNS and PNS performs what three general functions?
Definition

Collecting information - PNS structures called recpetors detect changes in the interal and external environment and pass them onto the CNS as sensory input. 

 

Processing and evaluating information - the CNS determines what, if any, response is required. 

 

Responding to Information - selecting an appropriate response and initiating a specific nerve impuse called motor output.  

Term
What is the the sensory nervous system responsible for?
Definition
recieving sensory information from receptors (PNS) and transmiting this informatio to the CNS.
Term
What are the two components of the sensory nervous system?
Definition

the somatic sensory - general somatic senses (touch, pain, vibration, temperature, and proprioception (sensing the position or movement of joints and limbs): voluntary

 

 and the visceral sensory - transmit nerve impuses from blood vessels and viscera to the CNS (includes temperature and stretch of muscle of organ wall): involuntary

Term
What is the motor nervous system responsible for?
Definition
transmitting motor impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands (output with CNS and PNS components).
Term
What is Ganglia?
Definition
Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS. Non excitable cells that support and protect the neurons.
Term
What does Afferent mean
Definition
Inflowing
Term
What does Efferent mean?
Definition
Conducting outward
Term
What is the Somatic Motor (Somatic Nervous System? )
Definition
- Part of Motor Nervous System
- conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles causing them to contract.
- called voluntary nervous system (contraction under conscious control)
Term
What is the Somatic sensory system?
Definition

- Part of Sensory Nervous System

 

- Recieved sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses (touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception)

Term
What is the Visceral sensory system?
Definition

- Part of Sensory Nervous System

 

- transmits nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to the CNS. 

Term
What is the Automatic motor (Automatic nervous system)?
Definition
- Part of Motor Nervous System
- innervates internal organs and regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands without our control. (involuntary nervous system)
- Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
What is a neuron
Definition
- Neurons transmit information
- structural unit of nervous system
- conduct nerve impulses from one part of body to another.
Term
What is a cell body
Definition
- "soma"
- neuron's control center
- responsible for receiving, integrating and sending nerve impulses
- enclosed by plasma membrane containing cytoplasma surrounding nucleus.
Term
What is a chromatophilic Substance?
Definition
free and bound ribosomes producing proteins, also called Nissl bodies.
Dendrites, cell bodies, and chromatophilic substance account for the gray color of gray matter.
Term
What is a dendrite
Definition
Dendrites collect information
shorter, smaller processes that branch off a cell body.
- conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body
Term
What is an axon
Definition
Neurons have one axon or no axon (anaxonic).

Axons transmit output information to other cells.
Connected to cell body via axon hillock (lacks chromatophilic substance)
Term
What is an axon collateral
Definition
mylenated side branches of an axon
Term
What are telodendria
Definition
fine terminal extensions or axon terminals which end in synaptic knobs
Term
What is a unipolar neuron
Definition
Form a T. Dendrites, peripheral process, cell body, central process, CNS.
Most sensory neurons of the PNS are unipolar.
Term
What is the peripheral process
Definition
Region from the dendrite to the cell body
Term
What is the central process
Definition
region from the cell body into the CNS.
Term
What is bipolar neuron
Definition
has two neuron process that extend from the cell body. (no T, straight line)Contains one axon and one dendrite. Uncommon in humans but found in nose and retina.
Term
What is a multipolar neuron
Definition
Most common. Many dendrites and single axon extending from cell body. Ex. motor neurons.
Term
What is a sensory neuron
Definition
Afferent neuron, transmit nerve impulses from sensory receptors to CNS. Specifically detect changes to environment, stimuli. Mostly unipolar. Housed in posterior dorsal root ganglia.
Term
What is a motor neuron
Definition
Efferent neuron (causing effect)transmit nerve impulses from CNS to muscles (causing contraction) or glands. multipolar
Term
What is a interneuron
Definition
Located within the CNS, multipolar.
Receive impulses from other neurons and decide how the body responds to stimuli.
Facilitates communication between sensory and motor neurons.
Ex. sensory neuron transmits stimuli to interneuron which processes info and signals approrpriate motor neuron to transmit impulse to muscle.
Term
What is a synpases
Definition
Communicates with neurons
A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron
Term
What is a presynapses neuron
Definition
conducts impulses towards the synapse (CNS)
Term
What is a postsynpatic neuron
Definition
transmits impulses away from the synapse (CNS)
Term
What is a Glial cell
Definition
Do not transmit nerve impulses, rather, protect and nourish neurons.
organized, supporting framework for all nervous tissue.
Term
Name Glial cells of CNS
Definition
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
Term
Name glial cells of PNS
Definition
Satellite cells
Neurolemmocytes
Term
Two functions of an Astrocyte
Definition
BBB
Structural support and organization to CNS
replaces damaged neurons
regulates tissue fluid composition
Term
Two functions of an ependymal cell
Definition
Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
Assists in production and circulation of CSF.
Term
Two functions of Microglial cells
Definition
Defends against pathogens
removes debris
phagocytizes wastes
Term
two functions of Oligodendrocyte
Definition
Myelinates and insulates CNS axons
Allows faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon
Term
Two functions of Satellite cells
Definition
Protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia
Term
two functions neurolemmocyte
Definition
myelinates and insulates PNS axons
allows faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon
Term
what are the functions of the myelin sheath?
Definition
supports, protects and insulates an axon.
Term
what are the functions of the myelin sheath?
Definition
supports, protects and insulates an axon.
Term
what is a nerve
Definition
bundle of parallel axons
Term
What is endoneurium
Definition
innermost, delicate layer of areolar connective tissue that separates each axon.
Term
What is perineurium
Definition
Middle layer. surrounds fascicles of axons.
Term
What is a fascicle
Definition
bundles of axons.
Term
What is epineurium
Definition
outermost layer, dense irregular connective tissue surrounds bundles of fascicles.
Term
What is a synaptic cleft
Definition
space between presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron
Term
Describe a synaptic communication
Definition
a. Nerve impulses travel through the axon and reaches its synaptic knob.
b. Arrival of the nerve impulse at synaptic knob causes an increase in calcium ion movement into the synaptic knob through calcium ion channels in the membrane
c. Synaptic vesicles bind to outside of membrane. Ach released into synaptic cleft.
d. Ach diffuse across synaptic cleft to plasma membrane of post synaptic cell.
e. Ach binds to proteins receptors causing ion gates to open. Na ions move into the postsynaptic cell through the open gates.
f. Changes in cell voltage causes a nerve impulse to begin in the postynpatic cell
g. AChE breaks down ACh
Term
What is an axodendritic synapse
Definition
Most common type, between the synaptic knobs of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of the post synaptic neuron
Term
What is a axosomatic synapse
Definition
occurs between synaptic knobs and the cell body of the postsynaptic neuron
Term
What is a axoaxonic synapse
Definition
least common, occurs between the synaptic knob of a presynaptic neuron and the synaptic knob of a postsynaptic neuron.
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