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Chapter 13: The Nervous System
Neural Tissue
53
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/08/2011

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Term
What are the subdivisions of the nervous system?
Definition
  1. central nervous system
  2. peripheral nervous system
Term
What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Definition
  1. afferent division: sensory information
  2. efferent division: motor commands
Term
What does the central nervous system consist of?
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
Definition
all neural tissue outside the CNS
Term
What are the 3 places the afferent division delivers information from?
Definition
  1. somatic sensory receptors
  2. visceral sensory receptors
  3. special sense organs
Term
somatic sensory receptors
Definition
monitor skeletal muscles, joints, and the skin
Term
visceral sensory receptors
Definition
monitor other internal tissues such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Term
special sense organs
Definition
the eye and ear
Term
afferent division
Definition
brings sensory information to the CNS
Term
efferent division
Definition
carries motor commands to muscles and glands
Term
What two components make up the efferent division?
Definition
  1. somatic nervous system
  2. autonomic nervous systems
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
controls skeletal muscle contractions; voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
or visceral motor system, which regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity
Term
neurons
Definition
nerve cells responsible for the transfer and processing of information in the nervous system
Term
soma
Definition
cell body
Term
dendrites
Definition
branches from cell body that receives information from other neurons
Term
dendritic spines
Definition
80-90% of the neurons total surface area
Term
axon
Definition
elongated dendrite that ends at one or more synaptic terminals
Term
synaptic terminal
Definition
where the neuron communicated with another cell
Term
neuroglia
Definition

supporting cells that:

  • provide a supporting framework for the neural tissue
  • help maintain the intercellular environment
  • act as phagocytes
Term
glial cells
Definition
neuroglia
Term
What are the 4 types of glial cells (neuroglia)?
Definition
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
Term
multiplesclerosis
Definition
wasting away of the myelin sheath
Term
satellite cells
Definition
regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the neuron cell body and extracellular fluid
Term
synapse
Definition
a specialized site where the neuron communicates with another cell
Term
What are the 4 STRUCTURAL classifications of neurons?
Definition
  1. anaxonic
  2. bipolar
  3. pseudounipolar
  4. multipolar neurons
Term
anaxonic neurons
Definition

no anatomical clues to distinguish dendrites from axons; found only in CNS and in special sense organs

[image]

Term
bipolar neurons
Definition

have a number of fine dendrites that fuse to form a single dendrite; relatively rare but play an important role concerning sight, smell and hearing (axons not myelinated)

 

[image]

Term
pseudounipolar neurons
Definition

continuous dendritic and axonal processes and cell body lies off to side; usually sensory neurons of PNS

[image]

Term
multipolar neurons
Definition

have several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches; multipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron in the CNS

[image]

Term
What are the 3 FUNCTIONAL classifications of neurons?
Definition
  1. sensory neurons
  2. motor neurons
  3. interneurons
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
what you feel
Term
motor neurons
Definition
what you do
Term
interneurons
Definition
association neurons-what connect motor and sensory neurons
Term
____________ neurons always enter the ____________ spinal cord. This is considered _______________
Definition
SENSORY---->DORSAL---->AFFERENT
Term

____________ neurons always exit the ____________ spinal cord. This is considered _______________

Definition
MOTOR---->VENTRAL---->EFFERENT
Term
somatic
Definition
of the body, or relating to the body
Term
somatic sensory neurons
Definition
transmit information about the outside world and our position within it
Term
visceral sensory neurons
Definition
transmit information about internal conditions and the status of other organ systems
Term
exteroceptors
Definition
provide infor about the external environment in the form of touch, temperature, and pressure sensations and the more complex special sense of sight, smell, and hearing
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
Term
interoceptors
Definition
monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems and provide sensations of deep pressure and pain as well as taste, another special sense
Term
Where do the somatic motor neurons' bodies lie?
Definition
the bodies lie inside the CNS and their axons extend to the neuromuscular junctions that control the skeletal muscles
Term

Where do the visceral motor neurons' bodies lie?

Definition

two groups:

  • one has cell bodies inside CNS
  • other has cell bodies in peripheral ganglia
Term
Which type of neuron outnumbers all other neurons combined both in total and type?
Definition
interneurons
Term
What are the 2 classifications of interneurons?
Definition
  • excitatory
  • inhibitory
Term
excitability
Definition
ability of a cell membrane to conduct electrical impulses
Term
action potential
Definition
electrical impulse that develops after the membrane is stimulated to a level known as the threshold
Term
What happens when the threshold level has been reached?
Definition
permeability to sodium and potassium changes
Term
Synaptic terminal
Definition
where a nerve impulse triggers events at a synapse that transfers the info either to another neuron or to an effecto cell
Term
Can a synapse be chemical or electrical?
Definition

TRUE

chemical involving the passage of a neurotransmitter substance between cells, or electrical, with gap junctions permitting ion flow between the cells

Term
What is the main neurotransmitter at a neuromuscular junction?
Definition
acetacholine (ACH)
Term
electrical synapses
Definition
found between neurons in the CNS and PNS, but are relatively rare.
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