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Chapter 13 and 14- PNS/Reflex Activity&ANS
Flashcards for Dr. Hilbun's Honors Anatomy and Physiology class chapters 13 and 14
57
Anatomy
12th Grade
02/13/2014

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Cards

Term
Which cranial nerve: are purely sensory (two nerves)
Definition
olfactory nerve (I)
Term
Which cranial nerve: serves the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Definition
accessory nerve (XI)
Term
Which cranial nerve: it is really a brain tract?
Definition
Optic (II)
Term
Which cranial nerve: causes pupillary constriction
Definition
oculomotor (III)
Term
Which cranial nerve: is the major sensory nerve of the face?
Definition
Trigeminal (V)
Term
Which cranial nerve: allows you to look side to side?
Definition
abdunces (VI)
Term
Which cranial nerve: helps regulate heart activity?
Definition
vagus (X)
Term
Which cranial nerve: serves the tongue muscles?
Definition
hypoglossal(XII)
Term
Which cranial nerve: is impaired in Bell's palsy?
Definition
facial (VII)
Term
Which cranial nerve: helps you to hear and to maintain your balance?
Definition
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Term
The entire spinal cord is divided into ___ segments?(how many)
Definition
31
Term
The cranial nerves that are involved in sensing taste are___?
Definition
VII, IX, and X (Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus
Term
The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses___ (in what direction?)
Definition
up the spinal cord to the thalamus
Term
Gray matter in the spinal cord is mostly___
Definition
interneurons
Term
Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
Definition
vestibulocochlear
Term
Enlargements of the spinal cord occur___
Definition
in segments of the spinal cord that control limbs
Term
The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the ___?
Definition
olfactory
Term
IF the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, ___.(what would happen?)
Definition
incoming sensory information would be disrupted.
Term
Damage to which cranial nerve could result in death?
Definition
vagus
Term
A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve?
Definition
olfactory
Term
The cranial nerve that has three branches is___?
Definition
trigeminal
Term
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain___.
Definition
sensory nuclei
Term
There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves. (how many)
Definition
12
Term
Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the___
Definition
gray commissures
Term
Blood vessels servicing the spinal cord are found in the___
Definition
pia mater
Term
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ____.
Definition
paraplegia
Term
The white matter in the spinal cord contains___.
Definition
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
Term
The projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called ___.
Definition
horns
Term
The horns of the spinal cord contain
Definition
nerve cell bodies
Term
Motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression is through the ___.
Definition
facial nerve
Term
The cranial nerves that are primarily sensory include___.
Definition
I, II, and VIII
Term
The specialized membranes that protect the spinal cord are termed___.
Definition
spinal meninges.
Term
What three things does PNS include?
Definition
sensory receptors, peripheral nerves and their associated ganglia, and efferent motor endings.
Term
___ is the awareness of the stimulus and ____ is the interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus.
Definition
sensation; perception
Term
What are the three ways to classify sensory receptors?
Definition
1) by the type of stimulus
2) by their body location
3) by their structural complexity
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration and stretch.
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
respond to temperature changes
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
respond to light; Ex: found in retina of the eye
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
respond to chemicals in solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry).
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain.
Ex: searing heat, extreme cold, excessive pressure, and inflammatory chemicals=all interpreted as painful. these signals stimulate subtypes of thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors.
Term
What are the three receptor classes according to receptor location or location of activation stimuli?
Definition
Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, and Proprioceptors
Term
Exteroceptors
Definition
sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body, so most are near or at the body surface. They include touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin and most receptors of the special senses (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell).
Term
Interoceptors
Definition
a.k.a. visceroceptors. respond to stimuli within the body, such as from the internal viscera and blood vessels. They monitor a variety of stimuli, including chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature. Sometimes their activity causes us to feel pain, discomfort, hunger, or thirst. However, we are usually unaware of their workings.
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition
respond to internal stimuli like interoceptors, however, their location is much more restricted. They occur in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments and in connective tissue coverings of bone and muscles. Monitor how much the organs containing these receptors are stretched.
Term
General senses vs. special senses
Definition
General: majority of sensory receptors. Modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons. Found throughout body and monitor most general sensory information. Involved in tactile sensation (mix of touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration), temperature monitoring, and pain, as well as the "muscle sense" provided by proprioceptors. Either nonencapsulated(free nerve endings) or encapsulated nerve endings.

Special: (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste). Housed in complex sense organs.
Term
Types of nonencapsulated nerve endings
Definition
Free nerve endings of sensory neurons
Modified free nerve endings: Tactile (Merkel) discs
Hair follicle receptors
Term
Types of Encapsulated nerve endings
Definition
Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
Bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings)
Muscle spindles
Tendon organs
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Term
Tactile (Merkel) discs
Definition
a type of noncapsulated nerve ending. Lie in deepest layer of epidermis, function as light touch receptors.
Term
Hair follicle receptors
Definition
Type of free nerve ending (nonencapsulated). wrap basket-like around hair follicles, are light touch receptors that detect bending of hairs. The tickle of mosquito landing on your skin is mediated by hair follicle receptors.
Term
Tactile (meissner's)corpuscles
Definition
encapsulated nerve endings. small receptors in which a few spiraling sensory terminals are surrounded by Schwann cells and then by a thin egg-shaped connective tissue capsule. They are found just beneath the epidermis in the dermal papillae and are especially numerous in sensitive and hairless skin areas such as nipples, fingertips, and soles of feet. They are receptors for discriminitive touch, and apparently play the same role in sensing light touch in hairless skin that hair follicle receptors do in hairy skin.
Term
Two divisions of Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Term
"fight or flight"
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
"rest and digest"
Definition
parasympathetic division
Term
Difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic in regards to:
1. Origin of Fibers
2. Length of fibers
3. Location of ganglia
Definition
1. Origin of Fibers
A. parasympathetic: craniosacral-originate in brain and sacral spinal cord.
B. sympathetic: thoracacolumbar-originate in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord.
2. Length of fibers
A. parasympathetic: preganglionic=long, postganglionic=short.
B. sympathetic: preganglionic=short, postganglionic=long
3. Location of ganglia
A. parasympathtic: in visceral effector organs
B. sympathetic: close to the spinal cord.
Term
Where does sympathetic come from (according to spinal cord regions).
Definition
T1 to about L2
Term
What cranial nerves are associated with (cranial part)parasympathetic division?
Definition
Occulomotor(III), Facial (VII),Glossopharengeal(IX),and Vagus (X)
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