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chapter 1
A&P overview, levels of structural organization, maintaining life, homeostasis, the language of anatomy
95
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
05/19/2010

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Term
Define anatomy
Definition
The study of the structure of body parts and their relation to each other.
Term
Define physiology
Definition
the study of the functions of body parts, explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy
Term
Define gross anatomy
Definition
the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye
Term
What are the three types of gross anatomy?
Definition

1. Regional anatomy

2. Systemic anatomy

3. Surface anatomy

Term
What's regional anatomy?
Definition
the study of all body structures in a given body region (a type of gross anatomy)
Term
What's systemic anatomy?
Definition
The study of all structures in a body system (a type of gross anatomy).
Term
What's surface anatomy?
Definition
The study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Term
What's microscopic anatomy?
Definition
The study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Term
What are the two types of microscopic anatomy?
Definition

1. Cytology

2. Histology

Term
Define cytology.
Definition
The study of individual cells
Term
Define histology.
Definition
The study of tissues.
Term
What's developmental anatomy?
Definition
The study of the changes in the body structures over the course of a lifetime.
Term
What are the three specialized branches of anatomy?
Definition

1. Pathological anatomy

2. Radiographic anatomy

3. Molecular biology

Term
What's pathological anatomy?
Definition
the study of structural changes associated with disease
Term
What's radiographic anatomy?
Definition
the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques
Term
What's molecular biology?
Definition
The study of biological molecules
Term
Explain the principle of "completmentarity of structure and function."
Definition
It states that function is dependent on structure, and that the form of structure relates to its functions. Anatomy and physiology naturally belong together; the study of one complements the other.
Term
Describe the "reference man."
Definition
A healthy, 22-year-old male weighing 155 pounds
Term
Describe the "reference woman"
Definition
A healthy, 22-year-old woman weighing 125 pounds
Term
What are some tools for studying anatomy?
Definition

1. mastery of the terminology

2. observation

3. manipulation/palpation (feeling organs in a living person

4. auscultation (listening to organs with a stethoscope)

Term
What provides a static image of the body's architecture?
Definition
anatomy
Term
What reveals the body's dynamic and animated nature?
Definition
Physiology
Term
Physiology has several topics, most of which consider the _________ of specific organ systems.
Definition
function
Term
Physiology often focuses on what two types of events?
Definition

1. cellular

2. molecular

Term
The _____________ level is the simplest level of structural organization.
Definition
chemical
Term
Molecules combine in specific ways to form ______________, which are the basic unit of living cells.
Definition
Organelles
Term
What are organelles?
Definition
The basic unit of living cells
Term
What's the function of the renal system?
Definition
kidney function and urine production
Term
What's the basic function of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Term
What's the basic function of neurophysiology?
Definition
the workings of the nervous system
Term
Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of what?
Definition
physics
Term
Physics explains what three things in physiology?
Definition

1. electrical currents

2. blood pressure

3. the way muscle uses bone for movement

Term
What a structure can do depends on its specific _____________.
Definition
form
Term
What are the 6 levels of structural organization, going from simplest to most complex?
Definition

1. chemical

2. cellular

3. tissue

4. organ

5. organ system

6. organismal

Term
What are the four main types of tissues?
Definition

1. epithelium

2. muscle

3. connective

4. nervous

Term
What's the function of the epithelium?
Definition
It covers the body's surfaces and lines its cavities.
Term
What's the function of muscle?
Definition
It provides movement.
Term
What's the function of connective tissue?
Definition
It supports and protects the body's organs.
Term
What's the function of nervous tissue?
Definition
It provides a means of rapid internal communication through electrical impulses.
Term
__________ are tiny building blocks of matter that combine to form molecules.
Definition
Atoms
Term
___________ combine in specific ways to form organelles, which are the basic unit of living _________.
Definition
Molecules; cells
Term
The ____________ level is the smallest unit of life and varies widely in size and shape according to the cell's function.
Definition
Cellular
Term
The __________ level is groups of cells having a common function.
Definition
tissue
Term
The ____________ level is made up of discrete structures that are composed of at least two groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body.
Definition
organ
Term
The _________ ___________ level is a group of organs that work closely together to accomplish a specific purpose.
Definition
organ system
Term
TheĀ ______________ level is the total of all structures working together to promote life.
Definition
organismal
Term
What are the 8 necessary life functions for ALL living beings?
Definition

1. maintaining boundaries

2. movement

3. responsiveness or irritability

4. digestion

5. metabolism

6. excretion

7. reproduction

8. growth

Term
Why is it necessary for living organisms to maintain boundaries?
Definition
It allows an organism to maintain separate internal and external environments, or separate internal chemical environments
Term
Why is it necessary for living organisms to have movement?
Definition
movement allows the organism to travel through the environment to eat and allows the transport of molecules within the organism
Term
What's responsiveness or irritability?
Definition
the ability of an organism to detect changes in the internal or external environment and repond to them
Term
What's responsiveness or irritability?
Definition
the ability of an organism to detect changes in the internal or external environment and repond to them
Term
What's digestion?
Definition
The process of breaking down food into molecules that are usable by the body
Term
Metabolism includes all ____________ reactions that occur in the body.
Definition
chemical
Term
What's excretion?
Definition
The process of removing wastes from the body
Term
_________________ is the process of producing more cells or organisms.
Definition
Reproduction
Term
What is growth?
Definition
an increase in body parts or the whole organism
Term
List the five survival needs of a living organism.
Definition

1. nutrients

2. oxygen

3. water

4. normal body temperature

5. normal range of atmospheric pressure

Term
What are nutrients?
Definition
consumed chemical substances that are used for energy and cell building
Term
____________ is required by the chemical reactions that release energy from foods.
Definition
oxygen
Term
What's the most abundant chemical substance in the body?
Definition
water
Term
Why is water an important survival need for living beings?
Definition
water provides an environment for chemical reactions and a fluid medium for secretions and excretions.
Term
Why is normal body temperature a survival need?
Definition
It's required for the chemical reactions of the body to occur at the proper rate.
Term
______________ must be within an appropriate range so that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
Definition
Atmospheric pressure
Term
Define homeostatis
Definition
the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment regardless of environmental changes
Term
Homeostasis is a word coined by Walter Cannon, a 20th century physiologist. The word means __________ of the __________.
Definition
wisdom of the body
Term
The internal environment of the body is in a constant state of ________________.
Definition
equilibrium (like a teeter totter)
Term
What three factors interact to maintain homeostasis?
Definition

1. chemical factors

2. thermal factors

3. neural factors

Term
What percentage of the body is water weight?
Definition
60-80%
Term
What's normal body temperature?
Definition

98.6 degrees F

37 degrees C

Term
Homeostatis is from the greek works ___________ and __________, meaning ____________.
Definition

"homo" meaning same

"stasis" meaning standing still

Term
The homeostatic responses of the body are regulated by the combined effects of what two control systems?
Definition

1. nervous system

2. endocrine system

Term
The ___________ system sends electrical messages to control events on a millisecond basis, with very specific effects.
Definition
nervous
Term
The ___________ system uses chemical messages to control events on a minute, hour, daily, monthly, etc. basis, with longer-term and more widespread effects
Definition
endocrine
Term
What are the 3 interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms?
Definition

1. receptor

2. control center

3. effector

Term
What is a receptor?
Definition
Some type of sensor that responds to changes (stimuli) it receives
Term
The _________ __________ determines the set point at which the variable in maintained.
Definition
control center
Term
What does an effector do?
Definition
It provides the means to respond to stimuli.
Term
The _________ approaches the control center, while the ___________ exits the control center.
Definition
Afferent;
Efferent
Term
The stimuli flows from the ________ to the ____________ through the afferent pathway.
Definition
receptor;
control center
Term
The control center sends the __________ to the effector organism, like a muscle or a gland, using the ___________ pathway.
Definition
output;
efferent
Term
What's a variable in homeostatis?
Definition
the regulated factor or event
Term
What's a receptor in homeostatic control mechanisms?
Definition
a structure that monitors changes in the environment and sends information to the control center.
Term
What's a control center in homeostatic control mechanisms?
Definition
a structure that determines the set point for a variable, analyzes input and coordinates an appropriate response
Term
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are _____________ feedback mechanisms.
Definition
negative
Term
What does a negative feedback mechanism do?
Definition
It causes the variable to change in a way that opposes the initial change.
Term
What's the goal of negative feedback mechanisms?
Definition
To prevent sudden, severe changes in the body
Term
Regulation of room temperature using a thermostat is an example of a ____________ feedback system.
Definition
negative
Term
What's ADH?
Definition
anti-diuretic hormone;
it's released by the hypothalamus to tell the kidney to reabsorb more water and return it to the bloodstream, rising the blood volume (which ends the stimulus for ADH release)
Term
The body's thermostat is located in the _________________ of the brain.
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What's the withdrawal reflex?
Definition
a type of neural control mechanism telling us to jerk away fom a painful stimulus (negative feedback)
Term
Regulating the heart rate, blood pressure rate and depth of breathing, as well as blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and minerals are examples of ____________ feedback systems.
Definition
negative
Term
What are two body systems using the negative feedback mechanisms?
Definition
1. nervous system
2. endocrine system
Term
What's a positive feedback mechanism?
Definition
one that causes the variable to change in the same direction as the original change, resulting in a greater deviation from the set point.
Term
_______________ feedback mechanisms typically activate responses that are self-perpetrating.
Definition
Positive
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