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Chapter 1
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56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/14/2009

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Term
Gross/macroscopic anatomy
Definition
is the study of the large body structures visable to the naked eye such as heart, lungs,kidneys.
Term
microscopic anatomy
Definition
deals with structures that can not be seen with the naked eye.
Term
cytology
Definition
which considers the cells of the body (part of microscopic)
Term
histology
Definition
the study of tissues
Term
Developmental anatomy
Definition
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the the life span
Term
pathological anatomy
Definition
study structural changes caused by disease
Term
radiographic anatomy
Definition
studies internal structures by x-ray type machines
Term
molecular biology
Definition
study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level. (smallest molecule)
Term
renal physiology
Definition
concerns kidney function and urine production
Term
neuro-physiology
Definition
explains the working of the nervous system
Term
cardiovascular physiology
Definition
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.
Term
Principle of complementary
Definition
function always reflects structure, what a structure can do depends on it's specific form. (if you don't understand what something is or how it is put together then you will never understand it)
Term
Levels of structural organization
Definition
Chemical-cellular-tissues-organ-organ system-organismal
Term
Chemical
Definition
atoms combined to form a molecule
Term
cellular
Definition
cells are made of molecules
Term
tissue
Definition
consists of similar types of cells
Term
organ
Definition
made up of different types of tissues
Term
organ system
Definition
consists of different organs that work closely together
Term
organismal
Definition
represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life (ex. human)
Term
Integumentary system
Definition
forms the external body covering, composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails. Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamine D
Term
skeletal system
Definition
composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments. Protects and supports body organs. Provides the framework for muscles. Site of blood formation. Stores minerals.
Term
muscular system
Definition
composed of muscles and tendons. Allows manipulation of the enviroment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
Term
Nervous system
Definition
composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves. Is the fast-acting control system of the body. Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
composed of heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood. The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Term
respiratory system
Definition
composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Term
digestive system
Definition
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver. Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood. Eliminates indigestiable foodstuffs as feces
Term
urinary system
Definition
composed of kidneys, ureters,urinary bladder, and urethra. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and PH balence of the blood.
Term
male reproductive system
Definition
composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens. Maine function is the production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones. Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
Term
female reproductive system
Definition
composed of mammary glands,ovaries,uterine tubes, uterus and vagina. Maine function is the production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Term
maintain its boundaries
Definition
so that its internal enviroment (inside) remains distinct from the external enviroment surrounding it.
Term
movement
Definition
includes activities promoted by the musclar system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another
Term
responsiveness or irritablity
Definition
ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the enviroment and then respond to them (ex. cut hand pull away)
Term
Digestion
Definition
breaking down of ingestable foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Term
metabolism
Definition
a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Term
excretion
Definition
process of removing excreta or waste from the body
Term
nutrients
Definition
taken from diet containing chemical substances used for energy and cell building
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the ability to remain relatively stable even though the outside world is changing
Term
reproduction
Definition
occurs at the cellular level & organismal level. Ability to reproduce ones self
Term
cellular reproduction
Definition
the original cell divides producing 2 daughter cells which then can be used for body growth or repair.
Term
human organism reproduction
Definition
sperm and egg meet and make baby
Term
growth
Definition
increase in size of a body part or the organism
Term
atmosheric pressure
Definition
the force that air exerts on the surface of the body
Term
variable
Definition
stimulas
Term
receptor
Definition
a center that monitors stimuli, sends information (input) to the 2nd component (control center)
Term
afferent pathway
Definition
the way the homeostatic control sends messages (A-pproaches control center)
Term
control center
Definition
determines what to do about the stimuli and sends the message to the effector
Term
efferent pathway
Definition
E-xits the control center and heads to the effector
Term
effector
Definition
does whatever the control center said either suppresses stimuli or increases
Term
negitive feedback mechanisms
Definition
the output shuts off the orginial stimuli or reduces the intensity returning it to the ideal value
Term
positive feedback mechanism
Definition
enhances the orginial stimuli so that the output is increased. This creates a waterfall effect to the rest of the systems (ex. labor.)
Term
homeostatic imbalence
Definition
this happens when the negitive feedback is so overwhelmed that the destructive postive feedback takes over. (ex. heart attack)(our body's internal enviroment becomes less and less stable which increase our risk for illness)
Term
anatomical position
Definition
the standard body position. Standing fully erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs facing away from body
Term
median plane or midsagittal plane
Definition
a plane going straight down the middle. (From head to vag.)
Term
parasagittal planes
Definition
Para = near. All other sagittal planes that are off set from the midline
Term
serosa or serous membrane
Definition
the moist memebrane that is found in closed ventral body cavities.
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