Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| includes sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings. Provides links to and from the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
Structures specialized to respond stimuli
Activation of sensory receptors results in depolarizations that trigger impulses to the CNS. The realization of these stiumli, sensation and perception, occur in the brain |
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Term
| Receptor Classification by Stimulus Type |
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Definition
| Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive to changes in temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to light energy (e.g., retina) |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to chemicals (e.g.,smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive to pain-causing stimuli |
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Term
| Receptor Class by Location: Exteroceptors |
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Definition
| Respond to stimuli arising outside the body. Found near the body surface. Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Include the special sense organs |
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Term
| Receptor Class by Location: Interoceptors |
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Definition
| Respond to stimuli arising within the body. Found in internal viscera and blood vessels. Sensitive to chemical changes, stretch, and temperature changes |
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Term
| Receptor Class by Location: Proprioceptors |
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Definition
| Responds to degree of stretch of the organs they occupy. Found in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles. Constantly "advise" the brain of one's movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the conscious interpretation of those stimuli |
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Term
| Organization of the Somatosensory System: Input |
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Definition
| Comes from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors |
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Term
| Three main levels of neural integration in the somatosensory system |
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Definition
| Receptor level, Circuit level, perceptual level |
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Term
| Neural Integration: Receptor level |
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Definition
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Term
| Neural Integration: Circuit level |
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Definition
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Term
| Neural Integration: Perceptual level |
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Definition
| neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Processing at the Receptor Level: Specificity |
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Definition
| Stimulus energy must be specific to the receptor |
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Term
| Processing at the Receptor Level: Receptive field |
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Definition
| Receptive field must be stimulated |
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Term
| Processing at the Receptor Level: Conversion |
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Definition
| Stimulus energy must be converted into a graded potential |
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Term
| Processing at the Receptor Level: Threshold |
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Definition
| A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold |
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Term
| Adaptation of Sensory Receptors: Cause |
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Definition
| Adaptation occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to an unchanging stimulus. Receptor membranes become less responsive. Receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop |
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Term
| Adaptation of Sensory Receptors: Quick adaptation |
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Definition
| Receptors responding to pressure, touch, and smell adapt quickly |
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Term
| Adaptation of Sensory Receptors: Slow Adaptation |
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Definition
| Merkel's discs, Ruffini's corpuscles, and interoceptors that responds to chemical levels in the blood |
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Term
| Adaptation of Sensory Receptors: Non-adaptive |
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Definition
| Pain and proprioceptors do not exhibit adaptation |
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Term
| Processing at the Circuit level |
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Definition
| Chains of three neurons conduct sensory impulses upward to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| First order, Second order, Third order |
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Term
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Definition
| soma reside in dorsal root or cranial ganglia, and conduct impulses from the skin to the spinal cord or brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| soma reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or medually nuclei and transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the thalamus and conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum |
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Term
| Processing at the perceptual level |
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Definition
| The thalamus projects fibers to the somatosensory cortex and sensory association areas. First one modality is sent, then those considering than one. The result is an alternative, conscious image of the stimulus. |
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Term
| Main Aspects of Sensory Perception |
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Definition
| Perceptual detection, Magnitude estimation, Spatial discrimination, Feature abstraction, Quality discrimination, Pattern recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| detecting that a stimulus has occurred and requires summation |
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Term
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Definition
| how much of a stimulus is acting |
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Term
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Definition
| identifying the site or pattern of the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| used to identify a substance that has specific texture or shape |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to identify submodalities of sensation (sweet or sour tastes) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to recognize patterns in stimuli (melody, familiar faces) |
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Term
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Definition
| cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue |
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Term
| Structure of a nerve: Connective tissue coverings |
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Definition
| Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium |
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Term
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Definition
| loose connective tissue that surrounds the axons |
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Term
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Definition
| coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fasicles |
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Term
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Definition
| tough fibrous sheath around a nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions. |
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Term
| Sensory (afferent) nerves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sensory and motor fibers carry impulses to and from CNS; most common type of nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| carry somatic and autonomic (visceral) impulses |
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Term
| Four types of mixed nerves are... |
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Definition
Somatic afferent and somatic efferent
Visceral afferent and visceral efferent |
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Term
| Peripheral nerve origination |
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Definition
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Term
| IF the soma of a damaged nerves remains intact... |
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Definition
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Term
| Regeneration of nerves involves coordinated activity among... |
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Definition
Macrophages - remove debris
Schwann cells - form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
Axons - regeneration damaged part |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial nerves: functions |
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Definition
| Both sensory and motor functions |
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Term
| How many nerves carry parasympathetic fibers that serve muscles and glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial nerve I: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Olfactory, Smell, None, None |
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Term
| Cranial nerve II: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial nerve III: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Oculomotor, None, Yes, Yes |
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Term
| Cranial nerve IV: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial nerve V: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Trigeminal, General Sensation, Yes, None |
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Term
| Cranial nerve VI: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Abducens, none, yes, none |
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Term
| Cranial nerve VII: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial nerve VIII: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Vestibulocochlear, hearing and balance, Some, None |
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Term
| Cranial nerve IX: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Glossopharyngeal, Taste, Yes, Yes |
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Term
| Cranial nerve X: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial nerve XI: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Accessory, None, Yes, None |
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Term
| Cranial nerve XII: Name, sensory function, motor function, Parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Hypoglossal, None, Yes, None |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory |
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Definition
Arises from the olfactory epithelium
Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex
Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
Arises from the retina of the eye.
Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasm
They continue to the thalamus where they synapse
From there, the optic radiation fibers run to the visual cortex
Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for vision |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve III: Oculomtor |
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Definition
Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure, and go the extrinsic eye muscles
Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape
Parasympathetic cell bodies are in the ciliary ganglia |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear |
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Definition
Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures; innervate the superior oblique muscle
Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal - divisions |
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Definition
V1: Opthalmic
V2: Maxillary
V3: Mandibular |
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Term
| Cranial Nerme V: Trigeminal |
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Definition
Fibers run from the face to the pons via the superior orbital fissure (V1), the foramen rotundum (V2), and the foramen ovale (V3)
Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face (V1) and (v2) and supplies motor fibers for mastication |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens |
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Definition
| Fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure. Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve VII: Facial |
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Definition
Fibers leave the pons, travel through the internal acoustic meatus, and emerge through the sylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face
Mixed nerve with five major branches |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve VII: Facial - motor functions |
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Definition
| Facial expression, transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve VII: Facial - sensory functions |
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Definition
| Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue |
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Term
| Cranial nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear |
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Definition
| Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the internal acoustic meatus, and enter the brainstem at the pons-medulla border |
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Term
| Cranial nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear - divisions |
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Definition
| Cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance) |
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Term
| Cranial nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear - functions |
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Definition
| Solely sensory - equilibrium and hearing |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal |
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Definition
Fibers emerge from the medulla, leave the skull via the jugular foramen, and run to the throat
Mixed nerve with motor and sensory functions |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal - motor functions |
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Definition
| innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal - sensory function |
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Definition
| fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx |
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Term
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Definition
Only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck
Fibers emerge from the medulla via the jugular foramen
A mixed nerve |
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Term
| Cranial nerve X: Vagus - motor |
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Definition
| parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs |
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Term
| Cranial nerve X: Vagus - sensory |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial Nerve XI: Acessory |
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Definition
Formed from a cranial root emerging from the medulla and a spinal root arising from the superior region of the spinal cord
Spinal root passed upward into the cranium via the foramen magnum
Leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve XI: Acessory - motor functions |
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Definition
Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate
Innervate the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid which move the head and neck0 |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal |
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Definition
Fibers arise from the medulla and exit via the hypoglossal canal
Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of the tongue which contribute to swallowing and speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Thirty-one pairs of mixes nerves arise from the spinal cord and supply all parts of the body except the head. Named according to point of issue |
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Term
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Definition
Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via two medial roots
Each root forms a series of rootlets that attach to the spinal cord |
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Term
| Spinal Nerves: Ventral roots |
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Definition
| Arise from the anterior horn and contain motor (efferent) fibers |
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Term
| Spinal Nerves: Dorsal roots |
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Definition
| Arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory (afferent) fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Short spinal nerves branch into three or four mixed, distal rami (branches) |
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Term
| Mixed, distal rami branches |
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Definition
Small dorsal ramus
Larger ventral ramus
Tiny meningeal branch
Rami communicantes at the base of the ventral rami in the thoracic region |
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Term
| Nerve Plexuses: found where |
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Definition
All ventral rami except t2-t12 form interlacing nerve networks
Found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions |
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Term
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Definition
Each resulting branch contains fibers from several spinal nerves
Fibers travel to the periphery via several different routes
Each muscle receives a nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve
Damage to one spinal segment cannot completely paralyze a muscle |
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Term
| Spinal nerve Innervation: Back, Anterolateral Thorax, and Abdominal Wall |
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Definition
Back innervated by dorsal rami via several branches
The thorax is innervated by ventral rami t1-t12 as intercostal nerves
Intercostal nerves supply muscles of teh ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall |
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Term
| Cervical Plexus: Formed by |
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Definition
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Term
| Cervical Plexus: branches are... |
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Definition
| Cutaneaous nerves of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders |
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Term
| Cervical Plexus: most important nerve |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm |
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Term
| Brachial Plexus: Formed by... |
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Definition
| C5-C8 and T1 (C4 and T2 may also contribute to this plexus) |
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Term
| Brachial Plexus: function |
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Definition
| gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb |
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Term
| Brachial plexus: branches |
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Definition
4 major branches
roots, trunks, divisions, cords |
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Term
| Brachial plexus branches: Roots |
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Definition
| Five ventral rami (C5-T1) |
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Term
| Brachial plexus branches: Trunks |
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Definition
| upper, middle, and lower, which forms divisions |
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Term
| Brachial plexus branches: divisions |
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Definition
| anterior and posterior serve the front and back of the limb |
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Term
| Brachial plexus branches: cords |
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Definition
| lateral, medial, and posterior fiber bundles |
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Term
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Definition
| Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar, Radial |
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Term
| Brachial plexus: Axillary nerve |
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Definition
| innervates the deltoid and teres minor |
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Term
| Brachial plexus: Musculocutaneous nerve |
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Definition
| sends fibers to the biceps brachii and brachialis |
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Term
| Brachial plexus: Median nerve |
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Definition
| branches to most of the flexor muscles of the arm |
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Term
| Brachial plexus: Ulnar nerve |
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Definition
| supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus |
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Term
| Brachial plexus: Radial nerve |
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Definition
| innervates essentially all extensor muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Arises from L1-L4 and innervates the thigh and abdominal wall |
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Term
| Lumbar plexus: major nerves |
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Definition
| Femoral and the obturator |
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Term
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Definition
| Arises from L4-S4 and serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures |
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Term
| Sacral Plexus: major nerve |
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Definition
| sciatic nerve, the longest and thickest nerve of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of two nerves: the tibial and the ocmmon fibular (peroneal) nerves |
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Term
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Definition
A rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus.
May be inborn (intrinsic) or learned (acquired)
Involve only peripheral nerves and the spinal cord
Involve higher brain centers as well |
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Term
| Reflex arc: Five components |
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Definition
| Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integration Center, Motor neuron, Effector |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Reflex arc: Sensory neuron |
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Definition
| transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS |
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Term
| Reflex arc: Integration center |
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Definition
| either monosynaptic or polysnyaptic region within the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse |
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