Term
Rostral – toward the ___
Caudal – toward the ____ |
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Definition
Rostral – toward the nose
Caudal – toward the tail |
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Term
Brain arises from the ___ part of the neural tube
Three primary brain vesicles in 4-week embryo
Prosencephalon – the _____
Mesencephalon – the ______
Rhombencephalon – the _____ |
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Definition
Brain arises from the rostral part of the neural tube
Three primary brain vesicles in 4-week embryo
Prosencephalon – the forebrain
Mesencephalon – the midbrain
Rhombencephalon – the hindbrain |
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Term
Cortex – ____ layer of ____ matter
Formed from neuronal cell ____
Located in cerebrum and cerebellum |
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Definition
Cortex – outer layer of gray matter
Formed from neuronal cell bodies
Located in cerebrum and cerebellum |
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Term
Ventricles of the Brain
Expansions of the brain’s ___ cavity
Deep within the brain
Filled with ____ fluid
Lined with ____ cells
Continuous with each other
Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord |
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Definition
Ventricles of the Brain
Expansions of the brain’s central cavity
Deep within the brain
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Lined with ependymal cells
Continuous with each other
Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord |
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Term
_____ (pair)– located in cerebral hemispheres(called first and second in the past)
Horseshoe-shaped from bending of the cerebral hemispheres
___ ventricle – lies in _______
Connected with lateral ventricles by interventricular foramen
_____ – connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
Fourth ventricle – lies in ____, thin tube-like cavity
Connects to the central canal of the spinal cord |
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Definition
Lateral ventricles (pair)– located in cerebral hemispheres(called first and second in the past)
Horseshoe-shaped from bending of the cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle – lies in diencephalon
Connected with lateral ventricles by interventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct – connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
Fourth ventricle – lies in hindbrain, thin tube-like cavity
Connects to the central canal of the spinal cord |
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Term
The Cerebral Hemispheres
Account for ___ of brain mass
Fissures – deep grooves – separate major regions of the brain
____ fissure – separates cerebrum and cerebellum
____ fissure – separates cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
The Cerebral Hemispheres
Account for 83% of brain mass
Fissures – deep grooves – separate major regions of the brain
Transverse fissure – separates cerebrum and cerebellum
Longitudinal fissure – separates cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| The Cerebral Hemispheres ____ – grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres ____ – twisted ridges between ___ Prominent ___ and ___ are similar in all people Deeper sulci divide cerebrum into lobes Lobes are named for the skull bones overlying them ____ sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes |
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Definition
| The Cerebral Hemispheres Sulci – grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres Gyri – twisted ridges between sulci Prominent gyri and sulci are similar in all people Deeper sulci divide cerebrum into lobes Lobes are named for the skull bones overlying them Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes |
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Term
| Deep gray matter of the cerebrum (basal _____) |
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Definition
| Deep gray matter of the cerebrum (basal ganglia) |
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Term
The Cerebral Cortex
External ___ matter region of the cerebral hemispheres
Home of our conscious mind
Enables us to:
Be aware of ourselves and our sensations
Initiate and control ____ movements
Communicate, remember, and understand
Determines Intelligence･Determines Personality･Interpretation of Sensory Impulses･Motor Function･Planning and Organization･Touch Sensation
Brodmann (1909) divided cortex into __ structurally different areas |
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Definition
The Cerebral Cortex
External gray matter region of the cerebral hemispheres
Home of our conscious mind
Enables us to:
Be aware of ourselves and our sensations
Initiate and control voluntary movements
Communicate, remember, and understand
Determines Intelligence･Determines Personality･Interpretation of Sensory Impulses･Motor Function･Planning and Organization･Touch Sensation
Brodmann (1909) divided cortex into 52 structurally different areas |
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Term
The Cerebral Cortex
Composed of gray matter
Neuronal cell ___, ____, and short ___ (no ____)
Folds in cortex – triples its size
Approximately __ of brain’s mass |
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Definition
The Cerebral Cortex
Composed of gray matter
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and short axons (no myelin)
Folds in cortex – triples its size
Approximately 40% of brain’s mass |
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Term
Three kinds of functional areas
____ areas -control voluntary motor functions
____ areas - conscious awareness of sensation
____ areas - integrate diverse information to enable a purposeful action |
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Definition
Three kinds of functional areas
Motor areas -control voluntary motor functions
Sensory areas - conscious awareness of sensation
Association areas - integrate diverse information to enable a purposeful action |
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Term
Motor Areas – Primary Motor Cortex
Controls motor functions
Primary motor cortex ( motor area) -___ lobe
____ cells – large neurons of primary motor cortex descend through brainstem and spinal cord
Their axons signal motor neurons to control skilled movements |
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Definition
Motor Areas – Primary Motor Cortex
Controls motor functions
Primary motor cortex (somatic motor area) -frontal lobe
Pyramidal cells – large neurons of primary motor cortex descend through brainstem and spinal cord
Their axons signal motor neurons to control skilled movements |
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Term
______ – pyramidal axons cross over to opposite side of the brain and spinal cord
Right controls left side and vice and versa |
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Definition
Contralateral – pyramidal axons cross over to opposite side of the brain and spinal cord (contra=opposite)
Right controls left side and vice and versa |
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Term
Specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of the body
Face and hand muscles – controlled by __ pyramidal cells |
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Definition
Specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of the body
Face and hand muscles – controlled by many pyramidal cells |
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Term
| Motor homunculus – ___ of the motor cortex |
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Definition
| Motor homunculus – body map of the motor cortex |
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Term
| ______ – body is represented spatially in many parts of the CNS |
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Definition
| Somatotopy – body is represented spatially in many parts of the CNS |
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Term
Motor Areas – Premotor Cortex
Located ____ to the precentral gyrus
Controls more ____ movements
Receives processed sensory information
Visual, auditory, and general somatic sensory
Controls ____ actions dependent on sensory feedback
Involved in the _____ of movements |
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Definition
Motor Areas – Premotor Cortex
Located anterior to the precentral gyrus
Controls more complex movements
Receives processed sensory information
Visual, auditory, and general somatic sensory
Controls voluntary actions dependent on sensory feedback
Involved in the planning of movements |
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Term
Motor Areas – Frontal Eye Field
Lies_____to the premotor cortex
Controls ____ movement of the eyes
Especially when moving eyes to follow a moving target |
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Definition
Motor Areas – Frontal Eye Field
Lies anterior to the premotor cortex
Controls voluntary movement of the eyes
Especially when moving eyes to follow a moving target |
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Term
Motor Areas – Broca’s Area
Located in ___ cerebral hemisphere
Manages ___ production
Corresponding region in the right cerebral hemisphere
Controls _____ overtones to spoken words |
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Definition
Motor Areas – Broca’s Area
Located in left cerebral hemisphere
Manages speech production
Corresponding region in the right cerebral hemisphere
Controls emotional overtones to spoken words |
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Term
Cortical areas (cortex) involved in conscious awareness of sensation
Located in ___, __, and ___ lobes
Distinct area for each of the major senses
(6) |
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Definition
Cortical areas (cortex) involved in conscious awareness of sensation
Located in parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
Distinct area for each of the major senses
Primary somatosensory
Somatosensory association
Vision
Hearing
Balance
Taste |
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Term
Sensory Areas – Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Involved with conscious awareness of general somatic senses
Sensory info picked up by sensory ____ in the periphery and relayed via spinal cord and brain stem
Spatial discrimination – precisely locates a stimulus
Projection is _____
Damage to it, destroys ability to feel and localize touch, pressure, and vibrations on the skin. Ability to feel pain and temperature is lost |
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Definition
Sensory Areas – Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Involved with conscious awareness of general somatic senses
Sensory info picked up by sensory receptors in the periphery and relayed via spinal cord and brain stem
Spatial discrimination – precisely locates a stimulus
Projection is contralateral
Damage to it, destroys ability to feel and localize touch, pressure, and vibrations on the skin. Ability to feel pain and temperature is lost |
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Term
Sensory Areas – Somatosensory Association Area
Lies _____ to the primary somatosensory cortex
Integrates different sensory inputs
Touch, pressure, and others
Draws upon stored ____ of past sensory experiences |
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Definition
Sensory Areas – Somatosensory Association Area
Lies posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
Integrates different sensory inputs
Touch, pressure, and others
Draws upon stored memories of past sensory experiences |
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Term
Sensory Areas – Visual Areas
Primary visual cortex
On the ___ and ___ part of the occipital lobe
Receives visual information that originates on the retina
First of a series of areas that interprets visual input |
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Definition
Sensory Areas – Visual Areas
Primary visual cortex
On the posterior and medial part of the occipital lobe
Receives visual information that originates on the retina
First of a series of areas that interprets visual input |
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Term
Visual association area
____ the primary visual area
Continues the processing of visual
information
Visual information proceeds in __ streams
____ stream –
Responsible for recognizing objects, words, and faces
____ stream –
Perceives spatial relationships
____ and ____ streams
The “what” and “where” pathways |
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Definition
Visual association area
Surrounds the primary visual area
Continues the processing of visual information
Visual information proceeds in two streams
Ventral stream –
Responsible for recognizing objects, words, and faces
Dorsal stream –
Perceives spatial relationships
Ventral and dorsal streams
The “what” and “where” pathways |
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Term
Sensory Areas – Auditory Areas
Primary auditory cortex
Function – conscious awareness of sound
Location – ___ edge of the ____ lobe
Auditory association area
Lies ____ to the primary auditory cortex
Permits evaluation of different sounds
Involved in recognizing and understanding speech |
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Definition
Sensory Areas – Auditory Areas
Primary auditory cortex
Function – conscious awareness of sound
Location – superior edge of the temporal lobe
Auditory association area
Lies posterior to the primary auditory cortex
Permits evaluation of different sounds
Involved in recognizing and understanding speech |
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Term
Sensory Areas – Gustatory Cortex
Involved in the conscious awareness of ____ stimuli |
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Definition
Sensory Areas – Gustatory Cortex
Involved in the conscious awareness of taste stimuli |
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Term
Sensory Areas – Vestibular Cortex
____. Sense of _____ |
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Definition
Sensory Areas – Vestibular Cortex
Equilibrium. Sense of balance |
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Term
| Sensory Areas – Olfactory Cortex Lies on the ___ aspect of the cerebrum Located in a region called the ___ lobe Olfactory nerves transmit impulses to the olfactory cortex Provides conscious awareness of smells Part of the ____ – “nose brain” Includes – the ____ lobe, olfactory ___, and olfactory ____ Connects to the ___ system Explains why smells trigger emotions ____ cortex Involved with consciously identifying and recalling specific smells |
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Definition
| Sensory Areas – Olfactory Cortex Lies on the medial aspect of the cerebrum Located in a region called the piriform lobe Olfactory nerves transmit impulses to the olfactory cortex Provides conscious awareness of smells Part of the rhinencephalon – “nose brain” Includes – the piriform lobe, olfactory tract, and olfactory bulb Connects the brain to the limbic system Explains why smells trigger emotions Orbitofrontal cortex Involved with consciously identifying and recalling specific smells |
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Term
Association Areas
Include all cortical regions other than the ___ sensory and ___ areas
Make associations between different types of sensory information
Associate new sensory input with memories of past experiences
New name for association areas – higher order _____ areas |
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Definition
Association Areas
Include all cortical regions other than the primary sensory and motor areas
Make associations between different types of sensory information
Associate new sensory input with memories of past experiences
New name for association areas – higher order processing areas |
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Term
Association Areas – Prefrontal Cortex
Large region of the frontal lobe ____ to motor areas
Performs cognitive functions
All aspects of thinking and perceiving
Remembering and recalling information
Also related to mood
Has close links to the ___ part of the forebrain
Functional neuroimaging techniques
Reveal functions of specific parts of the prefrontal cortex
Anterior pole of frontal cortex
Active in solving the ____ problems
Functional areas located on the medial side of the frontal lobe
Regions near the corpus callosum
Involved in complex____ and ____ interactions
Involved in “mentalization” |
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Definition
Association Areas – Prefrontal Cortex
Large region of the frontal lobe anterior to motor areas
Performs cognitive functions
All aspects of thinking and perceiving
Remembering and recalling information
Also related to mood
Has close links to the limbic part of the forebrain
Functional neuroimaging techniques
Reveal functions of specific parts of the prefrontal cortex
Anterior pole of frontal cortex
Active in solving the most complex problems
Functional areas located on the medial side of the frontal lobe
Regions near the corpus callosum
Involved in complex personal and social interactions
Involved in “mentalization” |
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Term
Association Areas – General Interpretation Area
Function is currently under investigation
Located at the interface of:
The __, __, and ____ association areas
Newer studies show most of this region is involved in the __ processing of ___ relationships |
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Definition
Association Areas – General Interpretation Area
Function is currently under investigation
Located at the interface of:
The visual, auditory, and somatosensory association areas
Newer studies show most of this region is involved in the visual processing of spatial relationships |
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Term
Association Areas – Language Area
Surrounds the ____ sulcus in the __ cerebral hemisphere
Five parts have been identified
1.speech ____
2.speech ______
3.conceptual analysis of spoken words
4.Coordination of ____ and ___ aspects of language
5.Parts of the insula
Initiation of ______
Recognition of rhymes and sound sequences |
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Definition
Association Areas – Language Area
Surrounds the lateral sulcus in the left cerebral hemisphere
Five parts have been identified
speech production
speech comprehension
conceptual analysis of spoken words
Coordination of auditory and visual aspects of language
Parts of the insula
Initiation of word articulation
Recognition of rhymes and sound sequences |
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Term
Association Areas – Insula
Functions of its cortex – not well understood
Some parts function in ____ and the sense of _____
Other parts – visceral function
_____ perception of:
Upset stomach
Full bladder
Some aspects of the sense of _____ |
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Definition
Association Areas – Insula
Functions of its cortex – not well understood
Some parts function in language and the sense of balance
Other parts – visceral function
Conscious perception of:
Upset stomach
Full bladder
Some aspects of the sense of smell |
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Term
Lateralization of Cortical Functioning
The two hemispheres control opposite sides of the body
Hemispheres are specialized for different _____ functions
Left cerebral hemisphere – more control over:____Language abilities, ____, and ___
Right cerebral hemisphere – more involved with:
___-spatial skills
Reading ____ expressions
____,____,____ and ____ skills |
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Definition
Lateralization of Cortical Functioning
The two hemispheres control opposite sides of the body
Hemispheres are specialized for different cognitive functions
Left cerebral hemisphere – more control over:
Language abilities, math, and logic
Right cerebral hemisphere – more involved with:
Visual-spatial skills
Reading facial expressions
Intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills |
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Term
Cerebral White Matter
Under gray matter
Different areas of the cerebral cortex communicate:
With _____
With the ____ and ____
Fibers are usually ___ and bundled into _____
Tracts are classified based on where they run |
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Definition
Cerebral White Matter
Under gray matter
Different areas of the cerebral cortex communicate:
With each other
With the brainstem and spinal cord
Fibers are usually myelinated and bundled into tracts
Tracts are classified based on where they run |
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Term
Cerebral White Matter Commissures – composed of commissural ___ Allows communication between ____ Corpus callosum – the ___est commissure -____ to lateral ventricles
Association fibers Connect different parts of ____ Projection fibers – run ____ Descend from the cerebral cortex Ascend to the cortex from lower regions |
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Definition
Cerebral White Matter Commissures – composed of commissural fibers Allows communication between cerebral hemispheres Corpus callosum – the largest commissure -superior to lateral ventricles
Association fibers Connect different parts of the same hemisphere Projection fibers – run vertically Descend from the cerebral cortex Ascend to the cortex from lower regions |
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Term
Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum
Consists of:
Basal ____ nuclei – associated with ___
Basal ___ – involved in ___ control
Claustrum – a ___ of unknown function
Amygdala – located in ___ but is considered part of the of the ___ system |
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Definition
Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum
Consists of:
Basal forebrain nuclei – associated with memory
Basal ganglia – involved in motor control
Claustrum – a nucleus of unknown function
Amygdala – located in cerebrum but is considered part of the of the limbic system |
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Term
Basal Forebrain Nuclei
Functions are related to ___, ____, ___, and ____ control
Degeneration is associated with Alzheimer |
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Definition
Basal Forebrain Nuclei
Functions are related to arousal, learning, memory, and motor control
Degeneration is associated with Alzheimer |
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Term
Basal Ganglia
A group of ____ deep within the cerebral white matter
Together, these nuclei are called the corpus _____
Cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling ____
Receive input from many cortical areas
Evidence shows that they:
Start, stop, and regulate intensity of _____ movements
In some way estimate the passage of time |
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Definition
Basal Ganglia
A group of nuclei deep within the cerebral white matter
Together, these nuclei are called the corpus striatum
Cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movements
Receive input from many cortical areas
Evidence shows that they:
Start, stop, and regulate intensity of voluntary movements
In some way estimate the passage of time |
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Term
The Diencephalon
Forms the center core of the ______
Surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
Composed of three paired structures:
___, ____, and ____ (pineal gland)
Border the ___ ventricle
Primarily composed of __ matter |
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Definition
The Diencephalon
Forms the center core of the forebrain
Surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
Composed of three paired structures:
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (pineal gland)
Border the third ventricle
Primarily composed of gray matter |
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Term
The Diencephalon – The Thalamus
Makes up __ of the diencephalon
Superolateral walls of the ___ ventricle
Thalamus = “inner room”
Contains approximately a dozen major ___
Send axons to regions of the ___
Nuclei act as relay stations for incoming ___ messages
____ impulses converge on the thalamus
Is the “gateway” to the cerebral cortex
Every part of the brain that communicates with the cerebral cortex must relay its signals through a nucleus of the thalamus
Nuclei ___ and ___ or ___ signals
Each nucleus of the thalamus sends its axons to a particular portion of the cerebral cortex
Processes and relays information to the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
The Diencephalon – The Thalamus
Makes up 80% of the diencephalon
Superolateral walls of the third ventricle
Thalamus = “inner room”
Contains approximately a dozen major nuclei
Send axons to regions of the cerebral cortex
Nuclei act as relay stations for incoming sensory messages
Afferent impulses converge on the thalamus
Is the “gateway” to the cerebral cortex
Every part of the brain that communicates with the cerebral cortex must relay its signals through a nucleus of the thalamus
Nuclei organize and amplify or tone down signals
Each nucleus of the thalamus sends its axons to a particular portion of the cerebral cortex
Processes and relays information to the cerebral cortex |
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Term
The Diencephalon – The Hypothalamus
Lies between the ___chiasm and the ___ bodies
Pituitary gland projects ____ly
Contains approximately a ___ nuclei
Main ___ control center of the body
~ __ nuclei of ___ matter |
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Definition
The Diencephalon – The Hypothalamus
Lies between the optic chiasm and the mammillary bodies
Pituitary gland projects inferiorly
Contains approximately a dozen nuclei
Main visceral control center of the body
~ 12 nuclei of gray matter |
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Term
| The Diencephalon – The Hypothalamus Functions include the following: Control of the ____ nervous system Peripheral ___ neurons that regulates contraction of ___ and ___ muscles and secretion of glands Regulation of ___ rate, ___ pressure, movement of ____, secretion of ___ and ___ glands Control of emotional responses -___ system Rage fear, sex drive, pleasure Regulation of body ___ Induce __ Regulation of ___ and ___ sensations Control of behavior Regulation of ____ cycles Control of the ____ system Control secretion of hormone by __ gland Formation of ____ |
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Definition
| The Diencephalon – The Hypothalamus Functions include the following: Control of the autonomic nervous system Peripheral motor neurons that regulates contraction of smooth and cardiac muscles and secretion of glands Regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, movement of digestive tube, secretion of sweat and salivary glands Control of emotional responses -limbic system Rage fear, sex drive, pleasure Regulation of body temperature -thermostat Induce fever, body cooling and heating Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations Control of behavior Regulation of sleep-wake cycles Control of the endocrine system Control secretion of hormone by pituitary gland Formation of memory |
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Term
The Diencephalon – The Epithalamus
Forms part of the “roof” of the ___ventricle
Consists of a tiny group of nuclei
Includes the ___ gland
Secretes the hormone ____
Under influence of the ____ |
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Definition
The Diencephalon – The Epithalamus
Forms part of the “roof” of the third ventricle
Consists of a tiny group of nuclei
Includes the pineal gland (pineal body)
Secretes the hormone melatonin
Under influence of the hypothalamus |
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Term
The Brain Stem
Includes the ___, ___, and ____
Make up ~2.5% total brain mass
Several general functions
Produces ___ behaviors necessary for survival
Passageway for all fiber ___ running between the ___ and spinal cord
Heavily involved with the innervation of the __ and ___
__ of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to it |
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Definition
The Brain Stem
Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Make up ~2.5% total brain mass
Several general functions
Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Passageway for all fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord
Heavily involved with the innervation of the face and head
10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to it |
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Term
The Brain Stem – The Midbrain
Involved with “_____” reaction
Mediates response to ___ pain
Lies between the ____ and the pons
Central cavity – the cerebral ____ |
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Definition
The Brain Stem – The Midbrain
Involved with “fight-and-flight” reaction
Mediates response to visceral pain
Lies between the diencephalon and the pons
Central cavity – the cerebral aqueduct |
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Term
The Brain Stem – The Pons
Located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata
Bridge between right and left halves of the ____
Contains the nuclei of cranial nerves (3) |
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Definition
The Brain Stem – The Pons
Located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata
Bridge between right and left halves of the cerebellum
Contains the nuclei of cranial nerves V-enervates skin and face (trigeminal), VI-eye movement, and VII-muscels of the face |
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Term
The Brain Stem – The Medulla Oblongata
Most caudal level of the brain stem
Continuous with the spinal cord
Choroid plexus lies in the roof of the fourth ventricle
Cranial nerves _____ attach to the medulla |
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Definition
The Brain Stem – The Medulla Oblongata
Most caudal level of the brain stem
Continuous with the spinal cord
Choroid plexus lies in the roof of the fourth ventricle
Cranial nerves VIII–XII attach to the medulla |
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Term
The Brain Stem – The Medulla Oblongata
The core of the medulla contains:
Much of the ___ formation
Nuclei influence ____ functions
____ centers of the reticular formation include:
(7) |
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Definition
The Brain Stem – The Medulla Oblongata
The core of the medulla contains:
Much of the reticular formation
Nuclei influence autonomic functions
Visceral centers of the reticular formation include:
Cardiac center
Vasomotor center (blood pressure)
The medullary respiratory center
Centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing |
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Term
The Cerebellum
Located dorsal to the pons and medulla
Smoothes and coordinates body ___ directed by other brain regions
Helps maintain __ and ____ |
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Definition
The Cerebellum
Located dorsal to the pons and medulla
Smoothes and coordinates body movements directed by other brain regions
Helps maintain posture and equilibrium |
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Term
The Cerebellum
Consists of two cerebellar hemispheres
~__% of total brain mass
Surface folded into ridges called ___
Separated by _____
Hemispheres each subdivided into __ lobes |
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Definition
The Cerebellum
Consists of two cerebellar hemispheres
~11% of total brain mass
Surface folded into ridges called folia
Separated by fissures
Hemispheres each subdivided into 3 lobes |
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Term
The Cerebellum
Composed of three regions
Cortex – ___ matter
Internal ___ matter
Deep cerebellar __ – deeply situated ___ matter
Cerebellum must receive information
On equilibrium
On current movements of limbs, neck, and trunk
From the ____ cortex
Damages to the cerebellum leads to coordination disorders, such as jerky movements
People cannot touch with their finger their nose with closed eyes |
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Definition
The Cerebellum
Composed of three regions
Cortex – gray matter
Internal white matter
Deep cerebellar nuclei – deeply situated gray matter
Cerebellum must receive information
On equilibrium
On current movements of limbs, neck, and trunk
From the cerebral cortex
Damages to the cerebellum leads to coordination disorders, such as jerky movements
People cannot touch with their finger their nose with closed eyes |
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Term
The Cerebellum – Cerebellar Peduncles
Thick tracts connecting the ___ to the ___
Fibers to and from the cerebellum are ___lateral
Run to and from ___ side of the body |
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Definition
The Cerebellum – Cerebellar Peduncles
Thick tracts connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem
Fibers to and from the cerebellum are ipsilateral
Run to and from the same side of the body |
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Term
Functional Brain Systems
Networks of neurons functioning together despite large distances within the brain
The limbic system – spread widely in the _____
The reticular formation – spans the ___ |
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Definition
Functional Brain Systems
Networks of neurons functioning together despite large distances within the brain
The limbic system – spread widely in the forebrain
The reticular formation – spans the brain stem |
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Term
Functional Brain Systems – The Limbic System
Location
_____ aspect of cerebral hemispheres
Also within the _____
The ____ and other tracts link the limbic system together
Emotional brain
Consolidates and retrieves ____
Amygdala
Contain nuclei for processing __ and than stimulating the appropriate sympathetic response to fear
Allows people to recognize menacing facial expressions and
detect the precise direction of the gaze of someone looking at them |
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Definition
Functional Brain Systems – The Limbic System
Location
Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres
Also within the diencephalon
The fornix and other tracts link the limbic system together
Emotional brain
Consolidates and retrieves memory
Amygdala
Contain nuclei for processing fear and than stimulating the appropriate sympathetic response to fear
Allows people to recognize menacing facial expressions and
detect the precise direction of the gaze of someone looking at them |
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Term
Functional Brain Systems – The ____ System
Encodes , consolidates and retrieves memories of facts and events |
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Definition
Functional Brain Systems – The Limbic System
Encodes , consolidates and retrieves memories of facts and events |
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Term
Functional Brain Systems – The Reticular Formation
Runs through the central core of the __, ___, and ___
Widespread connections
Ideal for arousal of the brain as a whole
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Maintains ___ and alertness
Functions in ___ and arousal from __ |
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Definition
Functional Brain Systems – The Reticular Formation
Runs through the central core of the medulla, pons, and midbrain
Widespread connections
Ideal for arousal of the brain as a whole
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Maintains consciousness and alertness
Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep |
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Term
Protection of the Brain
The brain is protected from injury by
(4) |
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Definition
Protection of the Brain
The brain is protected from injury by
The skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier |
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Term
Protection of the Brain – Meninges
Three extensions of the dura mater separate parts of the brain: (3) |
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Definition
Protection of the Brain – Meninges
Three extensions of the dura mater separate parts of the brain: the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and the tentorium cerebelli. |
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Term
Protection of the Brain – Meninges
Cover and protect the CNS
Enclose and protect the ___ that supply the CNS
Contain the ___ fluid
External to internal the meninges are the
(3) |
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Definition
Protection of the Brain – Meninges
Cover and protect the CNS
Enclose and protect the vessels that supply the CNS
Contain the cerebrospinal fluid
External to internal the meninges are the
Dura matter
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater |
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Term
The Dura Mater
Strongest of the meninges
Composed of two layers
___ layer
___ layer
Two layers are fused except to enclose the ___ sinuses |
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Definition
The Dura Mater
Strongest of the meninges
Composed of two layers
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
Two layers are fused except to enclose the dural sinuses |
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Term
The Dura Mater
Largest sinus – the superior ___sinus
Dura mater extends inward to subdivide the cranial cavity to form flat partitions |
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Definition
The Dura Mater
Largest sinus – the superior sagittal sinus
Dura mater extends inward to subdivide the cranial cavity to form flat partitions |
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Term
The Arachnoid Mater
Located beneath the dura mater
____ space
Potential space between dura and arachnoid mater
____ space - deep to arachnoid matter
Filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
Contains the blood vessels that supply the brain
Arachnoid ____ (movement)
Allow CSF to pass into the dural blood sinuses |
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Definition
The Arachnoid Mater
Located beneath the dura mater
Subdural space
Potential space between dura and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
Contains the blood vessels that supply the brain
Arachnoid villi
Allow CSF to pass into the dural blood sinuses |
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Term
The Pia Mater
Delicate connective tissue
Clings tightly to the ___ of the brain
Follows all convolutions of the cortex |
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Definition
The Pia Mater
Delicate connective tissue
Clings tightly to the surface of the brain
Follows all convolutions of the cortex |
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Term
Protection of the Brain – Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Provides a liquid cushion for the brain and spinal cord
The brain “floats” in CSF-reduces its weight by ~97%
CSF nourishes the brain, removes ____ produce by neurons and hormones between different parts of the CNS
100-160 ml is present at any time
Formed in ____ in the brain ventricles
Filtrate of the blood
Resembles blood plasma but has more Na+ and Cl- and less ____
Filtrate moves out of the capillaries, processed by the ____ cells, enters the ventricles, median and lateral apertures, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi and into the blood of the superior sagittal sinus. Also into central canal of spinal cord |
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Definition
Protection of the Brain – Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Provides a liquid cushion for the brain and spinal cord
The brain “floats” in CSF-reduces its weight by ~97%
CSF nourishes the brain, removes wastes produce by neurons and hormones between different parts of the CNS
100-160 ml is present at any time
Formed in choroid plexuses in the brain ventricles
Filtrate of the blood
Resembles blood plasma but has more Na+ and Cl- and less protein
Filtrate moves out of the capillaries, processed by the ependymal cells, enters the ventricles, median and lateral apertures, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi and into the blood of the superior sagittal sinus. Also into central canal of spinal cord |
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Term
Protection of the Brain – Blood-Brain Barrier
Brain has a rich supply of capillaries
Prevents most blood-borne toxins from entering the brain
____ capillaries - endothelium of capillary walls form ___ junctions
Not an absolute barrier
Nutrients such as __ pass through
Allows alcohol, nicotine, and ___ through |
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Definition
Protection of the Brain – Blood-Brain Barrier
Brain has a rich supply of capillaries
Prevents most blood-borne toxins from entering the brain
Impermeable capillaries - endothelium of capillary walls form tight junctions
Not an absolute barrier
Nutrients such as oxygen pass through
Allows alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics through |
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Term
The Spinal Cord
Runs through the vertebral canal
Extends from the ___ to the level of the vertebra __ or __
Functions:
Via spinal nerves, involved in ___ and ___ innervation of the entire body inferior to the head
Two-ways conduction pathway for signals between body and brain
Major center for _____
Protected by __, ____, and ___
Dura mater of the spinal cord is called the ____ – only one layer |
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Definition
The Spinal Cord
Runs through the vertebral canal
Extends from the foramen magnum to the level of the vertebra L1 or L2
Functions:
Via spinal nerves, involved in sensory and motor innervation of the entire body inferior to the head
Two-ways conduction pathway for signals between body and brain
Major center for reflexes
Protected by bone, meninges, and CSF
Dura mater of the spinal cord is called the spinal dural sheath – only one layer |
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Term
| The Spinal Cord ___ and ___ enlargements Where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise ___ – collection of nerve roots that decend inferiorily past the end of the spinal cord. 31 pairs of spinal nerves (PNS) attach to the spinal cord through ventral and dorsal roots |
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Definition
| The Spinal Cord Cervical and lumbar enlargements Where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise Cauda equina – collection of nerve roots 31 pairs of spinal nerves (PNS) attach to the spinal cord through ventral and dorsal roots |
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Term
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
Shaped like the letter H
Mixture of (4)
____ horns – contain cell bodies of motor neurons
____ horns – consist of interneurons
Gray matter – divided according to ___ and ____ regions |
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Definition
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
Shaped like the letter H
Mixture of cell bodies, short unmyelinated axons and dentrites and neuroglia
Anterior horns – contain cell bodies of motor neurons
Posterior horns – consist of interneurons
Gray matter – divided according to somatic and visceral regions |
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Term
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons
Three types of fibers
(3) |
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Definition
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons
Three types of fibers
Ascending
Descending
Commissural |
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Term
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Ascending
Most of ascending fibers in the spinal cord carry ___ information from the ___ neurons of the body up to the ___
Descending
Most descending fibers carry ____ instructions from the ___ to the spinal cord, to stimulate __________
Commissural
Some fibers ______ |
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Definition
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Ascending
Most of ascending fibers in the spinal cord carry sensory information from the sensory neurons of the body up to the brain
Descending
Most descending fibers carry motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord, to stimulate contraction of the body muscles and gland secretions
Commissural
Some fibers cross from one side to the other |
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Term
Sensory and Motor Pathways
Most motor pathways:
Consist of a chain of ___ neurons
Exhibit ____ = Tracts arranged according to the body region they supply
All pathways are ___
One of each on each side of the body |
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Definition
Sensory and Motor Pathways
Most motor pathways:
Consist of a chain of two or three neurons
Exhibit somatotopy
Tracts arranged according to the body region they supply
All pathways are paired
One of each on each side of the body |
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Term
Ascending (Sensory) Pathways
Conduct general somatic ___ impulses
Chains of neurons
Four main ascending pathways |
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Definition
Ascending (Sensory) Pathways
Conduct general somatic sensory impulses
Chains of neurons
Four main ascending pathways |
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Term
Descending (Motor) Pathways
Deliver ___ instructions from the brain to the spinal cord
Divided into two groups |
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Definition
Descending (Motor) Pathways
Deliver motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord
Divided into two groups |
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