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Chapter 13
Cardiovascular system
70
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/12/2009

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Term
Structure of the Heart
Definition
the heart pumps and blood vessels allow circulation and delivery of neutrients and u2, o Hollow cone shaped muscular organ within the thoracic cavity, o 14cm long by 9cm wide, o lies under sternum, o apex extends to the fifth intercostal
Term
Fibrous pericardium
Definition
outer layer made up of tough connective tissue
Term
Parietal pericardium
Definition
middle layer that lines the fibrous pericardium
Term
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Definition
layer that cover the heart ; at the base, the visceral pericardium folds back to form the parietal pericardium fluid in between layers is serious fluid
Term
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Definition
outermost layer consisting of connective tissue, blood, and lymph capillaries
Term
Myocardium
Definition
middle layer consisting of cardiac muscles; thickest part
Term
Endocardium
Definition
innermost layer consisting of connective tissue and is continuous with the endothelium (lining of blood vessels) of major vessels joining the heart; contain purkinje fiber (specialized cardiac muscles that act as nerve fibers to send impulses to the cardiac muscles)
Term
2 superior atria
Definition
receives blood returning to the heart, thin walled
Term
2 inferior ventricles
Definition
pumps blood to the body (lungs and body) thicker walled cause they are sending blood further away
Term
Interatrial septum
Definition
divides the atria to the right and left
Term
Interventricular septum
Definition
divides the ventricles into right and left
Term
2 Atrioventricular valves (A-V valves)
Definition
attach with chordae tendinae to prevent backflow of blood
Term
Tricuspid valve
Definition
(right a-v valve)
Term
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Definition
(left a-v valve)
Term
Pulmonary valve
Definition
leads to the pulmonary trunk to lungs
Term
Skeleton of the Heart
Definition
rigid layer of connective tissue that surrounds the valves
Term
Aortic valve
Definition
leads to the aorta to feed the heart and body
Term
Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 1
Definition
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cave
Term
Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 2
Definition
Right atrium contracts to force blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
Term
Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 3
Definition
Right ventricle contracts to close the tricuspid vale and forces blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk
Term
Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 4
Definition
The pulmonary trunk diverges into 2 pulmonary arteries that carry blood the lungs where carbon dioxide within the blood is exchanged with oxygen in the lungs
Term
Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 5
Definition
Freshly oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the left atrium via 4 pulmonary veins
Term
Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 6
Definition
The left atrium contracts to force blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
Term
Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 7
Definition
Left ventricle contracts to close the bicuspid valve&forces through the aortic valve, blood enters aorta to feed heart and body
Term
Coronary Arteries
Definition
first branches of the aorta that carry blood to the heart
Term
Cardiac Veins
Definition
drain blood from the heart muscles and carry it to the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium
Term
Atrial systole
Definition
artria contracting in unison
Term
Ventricular systole
Definition
ventricles contracting in unison
Term
Diastole
Definition
brief moment when the entire heart relaxes
Term
Heart Sounds
Definition
= caused by vibrations in the tissues when blood velocity changes within the heart
Term
Lubb
Definition
ventricular contraction and a-v valves close
Term
Dupp
Definition
ventricular relaxation and semilunar valves close
Term
Cardiac Cycle Step 1
Definition
Pressure within the chambers rises and falls with the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles
Term
Cardiac Cycle Step 2
Definition
When the atria fill, the pressure within is greater than that of the ventricles and forces the A-V valves to open
Term
Cardiac Cycle Step 3
Definition
Pressure increases as the atria contracts to empty the remaining blood from the chambers
Term
Cardiac Cycle Step 4
Definition
When the ventricles begin to fill, the ventricles will contract and stimulate papillary muscles to contract
Term
Cardiac Cycle Step 5
Definition
Once the papillary muscles contract, they will pull the chordae tendinae to close and prevent backflow of blood
Term
Cardiac Conduction System
Definition
specialized cardiac muscles conducting impulses throughout the myoacrdium
Term
Syncytium
Definition
mass of merging fibers that act as a unit, atrial syncytium & ventricular syncytium
Term
Cardiac Conduction System Step 1
Definition
Sinoatrial node (S-A node or pacemaker) = self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscles; generates the impulses for the heartbeat
Term
Cardiac Conduction System Step 2
Definition
Impulses spread to the atrial syncytium and causes it to contract
Term
Cardiac Conduction System Step 3
Definition
Impulses travels to the junctional fibers( small fibers that allow the atria to contract and empty fully before the impulse reaches the ventricles) leading to the Atrioventricular node (A-V node)
Term
Cardiac Conduction System Step 4
Definition
Branches of the A-V bundle give rise to Purkinje fibers that lead to the papillary muscles
Term
Cardiac Conduction System Step 5
Definition
Fibers stimulate papillary muscles contraction as ventricles contract
Term
S-A node
Definition
the pacemaker. Connected to both autonomic divisions of nervous(sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- sympathetic speeds up the heart rate
- parasympathetic slows down the heart rate
Term
CNS
Definition
Cardiac control center of the medulla oblongata controls the 2 divisions
Responses to barareceptors which detect changes in blood pressure
Hypothalamus
Term
Exercise
Definition
the more you work the more your heart works to provide oxygen to body. So high activity causes heart activity to go up.
Term
Body Temperature
Definition
fluctuates, blood vessels dilate and constrict based on temp of body. Hot=dilation(blood flows out) cold=constrict(makes lumen smaller and causes more time for heart activity)
Term
Concentrations of certain ions
Definition
Potassium – when high, there is a decrease in heart activity. If low there is an abnormal rhythm.
Calcium – when levels are high there is an increase heart rate/long contractions. When levels are low there is a decrease in heart rate/short contractions
Term
Walls of the arteries and veins
Definition
Tunica interna(endothelium), tunica media(smooth muscles), tunica externa(connective tissue)
Have the ability to constrict or dilate
Term
Arteries and arterioles
Definition
Arteries are strong and elastic vessels carrying high-pressure blood
Arterioles are branches of the arteries, smaller, lead to capillaries
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Smallest vessels, endothelium only, exchange site
Term
Exchanges in the capillaries
Definition
- Substances are exchanged between the blood and tissue cells.
- Capillary permeability varies from region to region.
- Areas of greater metabolic activity have a greater density of capillaries.
- Precapillary sphincters help to regulate the amount of blood entering the capillary bed and are controlled by oxygen concentration.
- Blood entering capillaries contain high amounts of oxygen and nutrients that diffuse out the capillary and into tissues.
- Hydrostatic pressure drives fluid and small molecules out the capillaries.
- Osmotic pressure (venule end) causes tissue fluid to return to bloodstream.
Term
Veins and venules
Definition
venules lead from capillaries to form veins
veins possess flap-like valves to prevent backflow
thinner than arteries and carry low-pressure blood
blood reservoir
Term
Blood Pressure
Definition
force of blood against the arterial walls
Arterial blood pressure rises and falls based on the cardiac cycle
*Highest during ventricular contraction
*Lowest during ventricular relaxation
Term
Factors; Cardiac Output(Heart Action)
Definition
The amount of blood discharged per minute. When heart action goes up, blood pressure goes up.
Term
Factors; Blood Volume
Definition
based on body size, age, and gender. The volume goes up, the pressure goes up. Younger ppl have greater blood volume than older ppl. Larger ppl have larger body volume.
Term
Factors; Peripheral Resistance
Definition
friction btwn the blood and the walls of the arteries. When it increases, there's more friction and causes a slower stream to cause slight backup.
Term
Factors; Blood Viscosity
Definition
the thicker of the blood the harder the blood flow, therefore blood pressure increases.
Term
pulse
Definition
is a surge of blood with each of ventricular contraction.
Term
Regulations of blood pressure
Definition
Blood pressure(BP)=COxPR
Blood pressure is determined and regulated by Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance
Term
Cardiac Output
Definition
cardiac output influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic div.
Emotional upset, exercise, temperature can effect cardiac output
Term
Peripheral Resistance
Definition
vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata can adjust sympathetic impulses to regulate arteriole walls.
Carbon Dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions can also affect peripheral resistance
Term
Venous Blood Flow
Definition
influenced by skeletal muscle contraction, breathing, and vasoconstriction of the veins.
Term
Pulmonary Circuit
Definition
vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs and the heart.
- Includes pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, alveolar capillaries in the lungs, pulmonary veins.
Term
Systemic Circuit
Definition
vessels carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back.
- Includes aorta and its branches leading to the body tissues and the venous system returning blood from the body to the right atrium.
Term
Arterial System
Definition
-Principal branching of aorta
Ascending aorta branches into coronary arteries
Arotic arch branches into brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left cubclavian arteries – head and upper limbs
Descending aorta(thoracic aorta) gibes rise to arteries of the thoracic region.
Abdominal aorta gives rise to arteries of the upper digestive tract and lower limbs.
Term
Circle of Willis
Definition
alternate pathways through which blood can reach the brain.
Term
Venous System
Definition
- Returns blood to the heart after the exchange of substances between blood and tissue.
- Run parallel with the arteries and are named accordingly
- Veins from the head and upper torso drain into the inferior vena cava.
- Veins from the heart drain into coronary sinus which then drains into the right atrium
Term
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Definition
- Hepatic portal vein carries blood from the abdominal region to the liver in order to filter and detoxify blood, absorb nutrients, phagocytize bacteria.
-Hepatic vein drains the liver and enters the inferior vena cava
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