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| Where does the spinal cord end? |
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Definition
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| A shallow longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord |
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| A deep groove along the anterior surface of the spinal cord. |
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| What does the cervical enlargement do? |
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Definition
| It supplies nerves to the shoulders and upper limbs. |
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| What does the lumbar enlargement do? |
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Definition
| It innervates the structures of the pelvis and the lower limbs. |
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| inferior to the lumbar enlargement, tapered and conical |
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| A slender strand of fibrous tissue, extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris and continues as far as the 2nd sacral vertebra where it supports the spinal cord as part of the coccygeal ligament. |
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| Axons of the neurons which bring sensory information into the spinal cord. |
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| Contain the axons of motor neurons that extend into the periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors. |
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| Provide physical stability and shock absorption |
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| The tough fibrous layer that forms the outermost covering of the spinal cord. |
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| Inflammation of the meningeal membranes caused by a bacterial or viral infection |
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Between the dura mater and the vertebral canal
-Contains areolar tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue |
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Definition
A dense cord of collagen fibers blended with components of the filum terminale.
-Continues along the sacral canal blending into the periosteum of the coccyx. |
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Definition
The middle meningeal layer.
-the inner surface of the dura mater is in contact with the outer surface of the arachnoid mater. |
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Definition
| The region between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
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Definition
Acts as shock absorber and a diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes.
-Found in the subarachnoid space. |
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Definition
The innermost meningeal layer.
-consists of a meshwork of elastic and collagen fibers |
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Prevent side to side and superior-inferior movement of the spinal cord.
-Extend from the pia mater to the dura mater |
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| The areas of gray matter on each side of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
| Contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei |
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Definition
| Contain somatic motor nuclei |
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Definition
-only found in the thoracic and lumbar segments
-Contain visceral motor nuclei |
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Term
| Organization of white matter |
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Definition
-Posterior white columns: between the posterior gray horns and the posterior mediun sulcus
-Anterior white columns: between anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissure
-Anterior white commisure: where axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other; interconnects the anterior white columns
-Lateral white columns: between the anterior and posterior white columns on each side |
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Definition
outermost layer of the spinal nerve
-dense network of collagen fibers |
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Definition
middle layer of the spinal nerve cover
-fibers extend inward from the epineurium
-fascicles (bundles of axons) |
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Definition
| delicate connective tissue fibers, extend from the perineurium, surround individual axons |
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| Regional losses of sensory and motor function resulting from nerve trauma or compression |
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Definition
1.Cervical plexus
2.Brachial plexus
3.lumbar plexus
4.sacral plexus |
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Definition
complex, interwoven network of nerves
Only the ventral rami form plexuses |
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Definition
| -Consists of the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5; innervate the muscles of the neck and extend into the thoracic cavity, control the diaphragmatic muscles. |
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Definition
major nerve of the cervical plexus.
Left and right phrenic nerves supply the diaphragm |
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Definition
| innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb, with contributions from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. |
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| Large bundles of axons from several spinal nerves. |
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| Small branches of axons that originate at trunks. |
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Definition
| Formed by the ventral rami of T12-L4. |
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| Formed by a branch from L4 and the ventral rami of L5-S4 |
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Term
| 5 steps in a simple neural reflex |
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Definition
1.The arrival of a stimulus and the activation of a receptor
2.The activation of a sensory neuron
3.Information processing in the CNS
4.The activation of a motor neuron
5.The response of a peripheral effector |
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Definition
| Rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli |
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A mechanism for spreading stimulation to multiple neurons or neuronal pools in the CNS.
-The spread of information from one neuron to several neurons. |
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A mechanism for providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources.
Several neurons synapse on a single post-synaptic neuron. |
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Definition
| Information is relayed in a step-wise fashion,from one neuron or neuron pool to another. |
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Definition
| When several neurons or neuronal pools process the same information simultaneously |
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Definition
| Collateral branches of axons somewhere along the circuit extend back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulate the presynaptic neurons. |
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Definition
1.Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor.
2.Activation of a sensory neuron.
3.Information processing in the CNS.
4.Activation of a motor neuron.
5.Response by a peripheral effector. |
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Definition
A monosynaptic reflex.
Provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. |
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Definition
| An example of a stretch reflex. The stimulus is a tap on the patellar tendon that stretches receptors within the quadriceps muscles. The response is a brief contraction of those muscles which produces a noticeable kick. |
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Definition
| The interneurons can control motor neurons that activate several muscle groups simultaneously. |
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| Moves affected parts of the body away from a stimulus |
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Definition
| An example of a withdrawal reflex, affects the muscles of a limb. |
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| A motor response to the stimulus also occurs on a side opposite the stimulus. |
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result from the connections that form between neurons during development. (withdrawal from pain, chewing, suckling)
-genetically programmed |
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Provide a mechanism for the involuntary control of the muscular system.
-Superficial reflexes: triggered by stimuli at the skin or mucous membranes
-Stretch reflexes: triggered by the sudden elongation of a tendon, and thus of the muscle to which it attaches.(ex. knee-jerk reflex) |
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Each consists of a bundle of small specialized muscle fibers called intrafusal muscle fibers
The muscle spindle is surrounded by larger skeletal muscle fibers called extrafusal muscle fibers.
-Responsible for resting muscle tone, and at greater levels of stimulation, for the contraction of the entire muscle. |
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| -has one set of myofibrils at each end |
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| Help us maintain a normal upright posture |
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| Monitors the external tension produced during a muscular contraction and prevents tearing or breaking of the tendon. |
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