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Chapter 13
Ther Perifpheral Nervous System
33
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/08/2009

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Term
The _______________ includes all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord, that is, the sensory receptors, peripheral nerves and their associated ganglia, and efferent motor endings.
Definition
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
Term
_______________ are structures that are specialized to respond to changes in their environment; such environmental changes are called stimuli.
Definition
Sensory Receptors.
Term
What are the three ways to classify snesory receptors:
Definition

1.   By the type of stimulus they detect.

 

2.   By their body location

 

3.   By the relative complexity of their structure.

Term
________ generate nerve impulses when they, or adjacent tissues, are deformed by mechanical forces such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, stretch, and itch.
Definition
Mechanoresptors
Term
_____________ are sensitive to temperature changes.
Definition
Thermoreceptors
Term
__________ such as those of the retina of the eye, respond to light energy.
Definition
Photoreceptors
Term
__________ respond to chemicals in solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood chemistry).
Definition
Chemoreceptors
Term
_____________ respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain.
Definition
Nociceptors
Term
A receptor, esp. of the viscera, responding to stimuli originating from within the body.
Definition
Introceptors
Term
A sense organ, such as the ear, that receives and responds to stimuli originating from outside the body.
Definition
Exteroceptors
Term
a receptor located in subcutaneous tissues, as muscles, tendons, and joints, that responds to stimuli produced within the body.

Definition
Prorioceptors
Term
Which system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) allows a person to breathe better?
Definition
Sympathetic (It causes the respiratory tubes to dilate thus allow for better air exchange).
Term
Generally, if some part of our body is activated, it is probably due to impulses coming fom the (sympathetic or parasympathetic) nerves.
Definition
sympathetic
Term
the dilation of the pupils comes from nerves associated with the (1) _______ and the constriction of the pupils comes from nerves associated with (2) _______.
Definition

1.   upperthoraci region of the spinal cord.

 

2. Brain                                                

Term
The (1) _____________ nerves transmit impulses to the brain and/or spinal cord and (2) __________ nerves transmit impulses away from the brain and/or spinal cord.
Definition

1.   afferent

 

2.   efferent

Term
The ____________ nerves of the efferent division control the visceral organs of the body.
Definition
autonomic
Term
A patient is having difficulty in moving his tongue. A pinched cranial nerve could cause this problem. Which nerve would this be?
Definition
Hypoglossal nerve
Term
either one of the twelfth pair of cranial nerves, consisting of motor fibers that innervate the muscles of the tongue.
Definition
hypoglossal nerve
Term
Either of a pair of nerves that arise from the medulla, pass through the hypoglossal canal, and supply muscles of the tongue and the styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus muscles. Also called twelfth cranial nerve.
Definition
Hypoglossal nerve
Term
A damaged abducens nerve could cause problems doing what activity?
Definition
movement of the eye
Term
One cranial nerve is involved in taste sensations from the tongue and another cranial nerve is involved in pain sensations from the tongue. Identify those two cranial nerves.
Definition
The facial nerve is involved with taste sensations and the glossopharyngeal nerve is involved with pain sensations from the tongue.
Term
How may cranial nerves have something to do with some aspect of the eye?
Definition
five: optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and facial.
Term
Cranial nerve III is located (anterior or posterior) to the optic nerve?
Definition
Posterior. The cranial nerves are numbered in sequence from anterior to posterior.
Term
How many cranial nerves are sensory, motor, and mixed?
Definition

sensory = 3

 

motor = 5

 

mixed = 4

Term
How many cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
Definition
three
Term
If a patient is having difficulty controlling one side of their face, they are probably having a problem with which cranial nerve?
Definition
facial nerve
Term
How many cranial nerves are combined afferent and efferent nerves?
Definition
3: olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear (specifically, the vestibular portion).
Term
How many cranial nerves are combined afferent and efferent nerves?
Definition
4: trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
Term
Which cranial nerve is probably involved when a person feels pain from a sinus headache?
Definition
trigeminal nerve, specifically the ophthalmic portion
Term
If we begin to lose our balance, which canial nerve sends information to the brain so we can make the corrections?
Definition
vestibulocochlear
Term
What is the name of the most anterior cranial nerve?
Definition
olfactory. Cranial nerves are numbered in sequence from anterior to posterior.
Term
Nerves associated with T3, and T4 would be considered (sympathetic or parasympathetic).
Definition
sympathetic. The parasympathetic nerves emerge from the brain or sacral region.
Term
When food is pushed tothe back of the throat, the swallowing process begins. This is largely due to the activation of which cranial nerve?
Definition
glossopharyngeal
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