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Chapter 13
Spinal nerves and reflexes
17
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/30/2008

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Term

The proximal branches, aka points of attachment to the spinal cord are the:

a.

b.

c. 

Definition

a. dorsal root

b. ventral root

c.cauda equina 

Term
Merging of the dorsal and ventral roots forms the              after it exits the intervertebral foramen.
Definition
spinal nerve
Term

The distal brances, the 3 diisions after immerging from the intervertebral foramen are the:

a.

b.

c. 

Definition

a. dorsal ramus

b. ventral ramus

c. meningeal branch 

Term
The          ramus innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back while the             ramus innervates the ventral and lateral skin and muscles of the trunck and gives rise to nerves of the limbs.  The meningeal branch reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the          ,            ,and                              .
Definition

dorsal

ventral 

meninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments 

 

Term
The ventral ramus in the thoracic region forms the                   nerve while all other ventral rami form the nerve               .
Definition

intercoastal

plexuses 

Term
Eruptions along path of nerve, caused by the Varicella-zostar virus.  Remains for life in dorsal root ganglia.
Definition
Shingles
Term

Ventral rami branch and merge repeatedly to form     nerve plexuses.

 

The cervical plexus supplies the          and phrenic nerve to the             .

 

The brachial supplies the                       and some of the              and             .

Definition

5

neck

diaphragm

upper limb

shoulder

neck 

Term

The lumbar plexus supplies the                         , anterior           , and           .

 

The sacral plexus supplies the remainder of the         trunk and              limb.

 

The coccygeal plexus supplies the lower organs missed by the mubor and scaral plexuses. 

Definition

abdominal wall

thigh

genitalia

 

lower

lower 

Term

Each spinal nerve receives sensory input from a specific area of skin called a            which can overlap at edges by        %.

 

A total loss of sensation requires anesthesia of       successive spinal nerves.

Definition

dermatome

50

 

Term
Quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of            or            to sensory stimulation.  Automatic responses to sensory input that occur without our intent or often evn our awareness. Somatic=                            .
Definition

Reflexes

glands

muscles

skeletal muscle 

Term

Somatic Reflex Arc

 

1.           of somatic receptors

2.         fibers carry signal to                      of spinal cord.

3. One or more               integrate the information in the integration center located in the                         of the spinal cord or brainstem and decides what to do.

4.          fibers carry impulses to skeletal muscles

5.skeletal muscles=                       respond.

 

Definition
1. Stimulation
2. afferent, dorsal horn
3. Interneurons, grey matter
4. efferent
5. somatic effectors 
Term
Many somatic reflexes involve stretch receptors called muscle               which are embedded in the skeletal muscles.  These are among the body's                  which are sense organs specialized to monitor the length of muscle and how fast muscles change in length.  It helps in coordination of complex movements.  It spurpose is to inform the brain of muschle length and body movements.
Definition

spindles

proprioceptors 

Term
Muscle spindles are composed of           muscle fibers, modified muschles that only contract ont he ends,               fibers, and gamma motorneruons scattered in fleshy part of muscle and aligned with the fibers. They have a fusiform shape.  They blend into the endomysium of the muscle.
Definition

intrafusal

afferent

 

Term
When a muscle is stretched, it fights back, contracting to maintain increased             . (stretch reflex)  THe strech reflex helps to maintain                   and             .As the head starts to tip forward as you fall asleep, muscles contract to raise the head.
 
The stretch reflex also stabilizes               by balancing tension in extensors and flexors smoothing muschle actions.
 
 
Definition

tonus

equilibrium

posture

 

joints 

Term
A very sudden muscle stretch causes          reflex.An example is the                 
 
                               prevents muscles from working against each other.  If I tense up all the muscles in my arm, I can withdraw my hand from a hot stove.
Definition

tendon

knee-jerk

 

Reciprocal inhibition 

Term
Flexor Withdrawal Reflexes are more           and last longer than the strech reflex.  It occurs during withdrawal of         from pain. Because it is so fast it is             .
 
                                            is a neural circutry in spinal cord that controls the sequence and duration of muscle contractions.  There are several different pathways of several different lengths .  If you step on something sharp the other leg is going to make sure you don't fall over when you lift your foot. Crosses over, more than one synapse.
Definition

complex

foot

ipsilateral

 

Polysnaptic reflex arc 

Term
The                                     is the contraction of extensor muscles in the limb offposite from the one widrawn after you step on something sharp.  It extends that limb and enables you to keep your balance.
 
The                            extends up and down the spinal cord, different segments working different regions of the body.
 
                         arcs explained by pain at one foot causes muscle contraction in other leg.
 
Definition

Crossed extension reflex

Intersegmental reflex

Contralateral reflex 

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