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chapter 13 part 1
martini and roth essentials of anatomy
68
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/29/2012

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Term
The spinal cord and spinal nerves 
Definition
nerves contribute to homeostasis by providing quick, reflective responses to many external and internal stimuli
Term
The spinal cord 
Definition
is the pathway for sensory input to the brain and motor output from the brain.
Term
nVertebrae
nMeninges
nCerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Definition
Protective Structures of Spinal Cord 
Term
vertebral canal of vertebral column
Definition
Spinal cord is located within
Term
Vertebral canal 
Definition
formed by vertebral foramina of vertebrae stacked on top of each other
Term
Meninges (pl); Meninx (sing.)
Definition
nThree connective tissue coverings that surround spinal cord and brain
Term

Dura Mater (“tough mother”)

n2.  Arachnoid Mater (“spider-like mother”)
3.  Pia Mater (“delicate mother”)


Definition
Meninges (pl); Meninx (sing.)
Term
 Dura Mater (“tough mother”)
Definition
qOutermost meninx
qComposed of dense irregular connective tissue
qForms a sac from foramen magnum to second sacral vertebra
Term
Epidural space
Definition
qspace containing fat and connective tissue between dura mater and wall of vertebral canal
nCushions spinal cord
Term
nInjection of anesthetic in epidural space
Definition
nAffects only spinal nerves in immediate area of injection
nProvides mainly sensory anesthesia
Term
nCaudal anesthesia 
Definition
nInjection of anesthetics in epidural space of sacrum
nParalyzes and anesthetizes lower abdominal and perineal structures
nUsed to control pain during labor and delivery
Term
Arachnoid Mater (“spider-like mother”)
Definition
qMiddle meninx
qSpider web arrangement of delicate collagen and elastic fibers
qAvascular
Term
Subdural space
Definition
thin space containing interstitial fluid between dura mater and arachnoid mater
Term
Pia Mater (“delicate mother”)
Definition
qInnermost meninx
qThin, transparent connective tissue layer that directly touches surface of brain and spinal cord
qContains lots of blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to brain and spinal cord
Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition
contains CSF that serves as a shock absorber and suspension system for brain and spinal cord
Term
the medulla oblongata (inferior part of brain) to the superior border of L2 (second lumbar vertebra)
Definition
In adults the spinal cord extends from
Term
42-45 cm (16-18 in) 
Definition
Length of adult spinal cord is 
Term
2 cm (0.75 in) in midthoracic region
Definition
diameter of the spinal cord is
Term

Cervical enlargement

Lumbar enlargement 

Definition
Two enlargements of spinal cord
Term
Cervical enlargement 
Definition
(C4 - T1 vertebrae): nerves to and from upper limbs arise here
Term
Lumbar enlargement
Definition
(T9 - T12 vertebrae): nerves to and from lower limbs arise here
Term
Conusmedullaris
Definition
spinal cord terminates in this tapering, conical structure between L1 and L2 vertebra 
Term
Spinal Tap/Lumbar Puncture
Definition
nProcedure where a long needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space (after local anesthetic given!)
Term
nNormally inserted in adults between vertebrae L3 and L4 or L4 and L5
Definition
Spinal Tap/Lumbar Puncture inserted where
Term
not
Definition
Spinal meninges are present between vertebrae L2 through S2, BUT THE SPINAL CORD IS 
Term
nWithdraw CSF for diagnostic purposes such as meningitis (inflammation of meninges)
qCaused by virus (will resolve on its own) or bacteria (more serious; fatal if not treated promptly with antibiotics)
nIntroduce antibiotics
nMeasure CSF pressure
Definition
Spinal Tap/Lumbar Puncture uses
Term
Spinal nerves 
Definition
are paths of communication between spinal cord and specific regions of body
Term
Definition
nhow many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from spinal cord through intervertebral foramina of vertebrae
Term
q(C1 – C8)
nC1–C7 exit vertebral canal above their corresponding vertebrae
nC1 emerges between occipital bone and atlas
nC8 exits between vertebrae C7 and T1
Definition
8 pairs of cervical nerves 
Term
qnerves (T1 T12)
nExit vertebral column below their corresponding vertebrae
Definition
12 pairs of thoracic nerves 
Term
q(L1 – L5)
nExit vertebral column below their corresponding vertebrae
Definition
5 pairs of lumbar nerves 
Term
(S1 – S5
Definition
5 pairs sacral nerves 
Term
q(Co1)
nRoots of spinal nerves S1 – S5 and Co1 enter the sacral canal (part of vertebral canal in sacrum (Fig. 7.21)
nSpinal nerves S1 – S4 exit sacral canal via anterior and posterior sacral foramina on sacrum
Definition
1 pair of coccygeal nerves 
Term
Caudaequina
Definition
(“horse’s tail): the roots of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves hang inferiorly from end of spinal cord like wisps of hair
Term
Roots
Definition
two bundles of axons connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord
Term
Posterior (dorsal) root
Definition
contains sensory axons, which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the CNS
Term
Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion
Definition
swelling on posterior root which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons
Term
Anterior (ventral) root
Definition
contains motor neuron axons which conduct nerve impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)  No ganglion!
Term
nSpinal nerve = Mixed nerve 
Definition
Posterior and anterior root unite to from a 
Term

Spinal nerve = Mixed nerve 

 
Definition

Contains both sensory and motor axons!!!!!

 
Term
White matter 
Definition
bundles of myelinated axons of neurons
Term

Anterior median fissure

Posterior median sulcus

Definition
Two grooves penetrate white matter of spinal cord and divide it into right and left sides
Term
tracts
Definition

White matter of spinal cord is organized into regions called columns which contain distinct bundles of axons called 

 
Term
columns
Definition
White matter of spinal cord is organized into regions called
Term
nAnterior (ventral) column
nPosterior (dorsal) column
nLateral column
Definition
columns of white matter
Term
Gray matter 
Definition

dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia

Shaped like the letter H or a butterfly in spinal cord

 
Term
Gray commissure
Definition
forms crossbar of H
Term
Central canal
Definition
small space within center of gray commissure; extends entire length of spinal cord and contains CSF
Term
horns
Definition
Gray matter is subdivided into regions called 
Term

Posterior (dorsal) horn

 
Definition
Contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons and axons of incoming sensory neurons)
Term

Anterior (ventral) horn

 
Definition

Contains somatic motor nuclei (clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles)

 
Term

Lateral horn

 
Definition

Only present in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of spinal cord

Contains autonomic motor nuclei (clusters of cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands)

 
Term
spinal and cranial nerve 
Definition
consists of many individual axons and layers of protective tissue coverings.
Term
Plexuses
Definition

Axons of spinal nerves, except for T2-T12, do Not go directly to the body structures they supply.

Spinal nerves T2 - T12, known as intercostal or thoracic nerves directly supply intercostal and abdominal muscles and the overlying skin. 

 
Term
plexus 
Definition
axons are rearranged into new nerves
Term
Cervical Plexus
Definition
qCervical nerves C1-C5.
nSupplies:
qSkin and muscles of head and neck; diaphragm
Term
Phrenic nerve
Definition
which supplies motor fibers to diaphragm e.g. it causes contraction of diaphragm.
Term
respiratory arrest Breathing stops because the phrenic nerves can no longer send nerve impulses to the diaphragm.
Definition
nSevering of the spinal cord above level C3 causes 
Term
Brachial plexus      
Definition
nOrigin:
qC5-C8 & T1
nSupplies:
qMuscles of shoulder, arm, forearm, hand, fingers
Term

Median

 
Definition

Carpal tunnel syndrome

 
Term
Lumbar Plexus
Definition

Origin: 

L1-L4

Supplies: 

Muscles and skin of anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs.

 
Term
Femoral Nerve
Definition

Largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus

Supplies thigh flexors (iliacus), leg extensors (quadriceps femoris), and leg flexors (sartorius)

Injury to femoral nerve from gunshot or stab wound results in inability to extend leg and loss of sensation of skin over anteromedial aspect of thigh

 
Term
Sacral Plexus
Definition

is situated anterior to the sacrum

Origin:

L4-L5 and S1-S4.

Supplies:

 Skin and muscles of buttocks, perineum, leg and foot

 
Term
Sciatic Nerve
Definition

Largest nerve in the body!

Combination of two nerves that splits over the knee: common fibular and tibial 

Descends through thigh and supplies hamstring muscles

Tibial branch: gastrocnemius and soleus muscles

Common fibular branches: tibialis anterior muscle 

 
Term
compression of sciatic nerve
Definition
Most common form of back pain is caused by 
Term
sciatica
Definition
pain that may extend from the buttock down the posterior and lateral side of leg and lateral side of foot
Term
herniated disc, dislocated hip, pressure from uterus during pregnancy, inflammation, irritation, etc.
Definition
Sciatic nerve is injured due to
Term
the common fibular portion from fractures of fibula or by pressure from casts or splints
Definition
Majority of sciatic nerve injuries is to the 
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