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the time in European history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance sometimes restricted to the later part of this period and sometimes extended to 1450 or 1500. |
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| a.d. 742–814, king of the Franks 768–814; as Charles I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 800–814. |
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| a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant. |
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a person in a condition of servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another. |
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the making of profit out of sacred things. |
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| any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims. |
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a person who works for another in order to learn a trade: an apprentice to a plumber. |
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a person who has served an apprenticeship at a trade or handicraft and is certified to work at it assisting or under another person. |
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the series of wars between England and France, 1337–1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. |
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| the period of the exile of the Jews in Babylonia, 597–538 b.c. |
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a.d. c465–511, king of the Franks 481–511. |
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| any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries. |
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| the state or fact of being the firstborn of children of the same parents. |
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the sum of the ideal qualifications of a knight, including courtesy, generosity, valor, and dexterity in arms. |
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Sometimes, tithes. the tenth part of agricultural produce or personal income set apart as an offering to God or for works of mercy, or the same amount regarded as an obligation or tax for the support of the church, priesthood, or the like. |
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| sultan of Egypt and Syria 1175–93: opponent of Crusaders. |
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a class of people intermediate between the classes of higher and lower social rank or standing; the social, economic, cultural class, having approximately average status, income, education, tastes, and the like. |
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expressed or written in the native language of a place, as literary works: a vernacular poem. |
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| struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII |
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| 1 vassalage See also fief Also called:the legal and social system that evolved in W Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries, in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and were required to serve under them in war |
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a fee or feud held of a feudal lord; a tenure of land subject to feudal obligations. |
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the manorial organization, or its principles and practices in the Middle Ages. |
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| the body of codified ecclesiastical law, especially of the Roman Catholic Church as promulgated in ecclesiastical councils and by the pope. |
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the system of law originating in England, as distinct from the civil or Roman law and the canon or ecclesiastical law. |
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an organization of persons with related interests, goals, etc., especially one formed for mutual aid or protection. |
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a form of bubonic plague that spread over Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated quarter of the population. |
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| the system of theological and philosophical teaching predominant in the Middle Ages, based chiefly upon the authority of the church fathers and of Aristotle and his commentators. |
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a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378–1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office. |
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