Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 13 & 14 test
N/A
89
Anatomy
12th Grade
11/04/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the two Anatomic Divisions of the Nervous system?
Definition
  • Central Nervous System(CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Term
What is the CNS responsible for?
Definition
Integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data and motor commands.
Term
Higher functions of CNS?
Definition
intelligence memory, learning, and emotion
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
all the neural tissue outside the CNS
Term
Responsible for PNS
Definition
deliver sensory info to the CNS and send motor commands to peripheral tissues and organs
Term
What does the PNS include?
Definition

cranial nerves (attached to the brain) and

spinal nerves (attached to the spinal cord)

Term
what is PNS divided into
Definition
Afferent & Efferent
Term
Afferent Division
Definition
deliver sensory info to CNS from tissue receptors
Term
Receptors
Definition
sensory structures that detect changes in internal environment or respond to stimuli
Term
Efferent Division
Definition
carries out motor commands from CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue
Term
Effectors
Definition
target organs which respond by doing something
Term
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Definition

controls skeletal muscle contractions

(ones you think about)

Term
Voluntary
Definition
conscious control
Term
Involuntary
Definition
automatic responses controlled subconsciously
Term
Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
Definition
aka visceral motor system; provides automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gladular secretions at the subconscious level
Term
Cell Body (Soma)
Definition
contain nucleus and cytoplasm around the nucleous called perikaryon 
Term
Perikaryon
Definition
contains clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes called nissel bodies
Term
Nissel Bodies
Definition
give gray matter its gray appearance
Term
CNS cant do what
Definition
divide (they have no centrioles)
Term

what is only active in the nose

to replace smell receptors?

Definition
adult neural stem cells
Term
Dendrites
Definition
extend out form cell body; higly branched with each branch having dendritic spines
Term
what do dendrites do?
Definition
receive information
Term
how much surface area do dendrites represent?
Definition
80-90%
Term
Axon
Definition
long cyoplasmic process capable of propagating electrical impluses (action potentials)
Term
what does the Axon contain
Definition
  • axoplasm
  • axolemma
  • axon hillock
  • collaterals
  • telodenria
  • synaptic terminals
Term
Axoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of axon
Term
axolemma
Definition
plasma membrane of axon covered in either intertitial fluid or processes of neuroglia
Term
Axon hillock
Definition
connects initial segment of axon to cell body
Term
Collaterals
Definition
branches of axon
Term
Telodendria
Definition
end of branches of axon
Term
Synaptic terminals
Definition
ends of telodendria
Term
Synapse
Definition
site where one neuron communicates with another through the release of neurotransmitters
Term
Presynaptic cell
Definition
sends messages by releasing neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles 
Term
Postsynaptic cell
Definition

receives the message

(can be a neuron or different type of cell)

Term
Kinesin and Dynein
Definition
the cell body produces neurotranmitters are moves along in the axon by these "molecular motors"
Term
Anaxonic
Definition
small; cant tell axons from dendrites
Term
where are Anaxonic structues located
Definition

brain and special sence organs

(they are poorly understood)

Term
Bipolar structure
Definition
one dendritic process, small cell body in middle, and one axon on other end
Term
where are bipolar structures located
Definition
sense organs where they relay info from sensory receptors to ther neurons (rare)
Term
Unipolar (pseudounipolar) structure
Definition
dendrites and axon are continuous with cell body off to the side
Term
Multipolar structure
Definition
two or more dendrites and one axon
Term
what do the mulitpolar structures include
Definition

motor neurons that control skeletal muscle

(most common)

Term
Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
Definition

deliver ifo from sensory receptors to CNS

  • they are unipolar with afferent fibers from sensory receptors to CNS
  • around 10 million
Term
Somatic Sensor Neurons
Definition
monitor external environment and our position in it
Term
Viseral Sensory Neurons
Definition
monitor internal conditions and status of organs systems
Term
what are the 2 sensory receptors
Definition
Interoceptors & Exteroceptors
Term
Interoceptors
Definition
monitor internal organ systems and provide sensations of deep pressure, taste, and pain
Term
Exteroceptors
Definition
information around external environment through touch, temperature, pressure, sight, smell, and hearing
Term
Motor neurons (efferent neurons)
Definition
carry information from CNS to effectors in tissues, organs
Term
How many motor neuons are there
Definition
@ 500,000
Term
Efferent Fibers
Definition
axons going away fron CNS
Term
Somatic motor neurons
Definition

innervate peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles

-it requires 2 neurons

Term
Interneurons (associatin neurons)
Definition
between motor neurons and sensory neurons in brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia; distributes sensory info and cordinate motor commands
Term
More complex response=
Definition
more inter neurons involved
Term
what are interneurons involved with
Definition
higher functions (memory, planning, and learning)
Term
Ependymal Cells
Definition
line the central canal along spinal cord and ventricles in part of brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
Term
what do ependymal cells form
Definition
they form epitheluim called ependyma
Term
what do some Ventricles have?
Definition
cilia or microvilli that aid in circulation and secretion of CSF
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
largest and most numerous in CNS
Term
Functions of Astrocytes
Definition
  • Maintain blood brain barrier (BBB)-it separates the CNS and its fluids from the other components in circulation
  • Provide structure/frame (packed with microfiliments)
  • Repair damaged neural tissue (stabilize and prevent future injury)
  • Guide embryonic neural development
  • Control intersitial environment
Term
Suction cup
Definition
"feet" of astrocytes wrap @ capillaries and exchange nutrients
Term
What regulates the concentration of Na+, K+, CO2
Definition
Control intersitial environment
Term
Control Intersitial Environment
Definition
  • Provide transport of nutrients, ions, and dissolved gases between capillaries
  • Control volume of blood flow through capillaries
  • Absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
  • Release chemicals to enhance and suppress communication across synapses 
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
ends of process; wraps at axolemma of neurons forming layers of p.m. called myelin
Term
Myelin
Definition
electrical insulation from extracellular fluid increasing the spped of.... along the axon
Term
Internodes
Definition
areas of myelinated axons (white matter)
Term
Nodes (Nodes of Ranvier)
Definition
gap of axon with NO myelin between internodes
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
areas of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinates axons that have a gray color
Term
Microglia
Definition

least numerous, smallest, capable of movement

-they engulf cellular debris, waste, pathogens

Term
Ganglia
Definition
clusters of all bodies in PNS
Term
Satellite cells (amphicytes)
Definition
regulate environment around neurons; surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
Term
Schwann cells (neurilemmal cells or neurolemmocytes)
Definition
form sheath around peripheral axons
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
outer surface of Schwann cell
Term
Unexcitable
Definition
lack of O2 due to pressure can cause the axon to do this
Term
Wallerian Degeneration
Definition
  • Axon distal to injury degenerates and macrophages break down
  • Schwann cells fill the path of the axon
  • During recovery, axon can grow back in original site and be surrounded by Schwann cells
  • Sometimes axon can grow and reestablish synaptic connection
  • If axon doesnt regrow or regrows in wrong direction, connection is lost 
Term
CNS recovery is more difficult b/c
Definition
  • more axons are involved
  • astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals prevent regrowth of axon
Term
How is an action potential produced?
Definition
  • Begin with a cell at resting potential
  • A stimulus produces a change in transmembrabe potential
  • Graded potential
  • If the graded potential (deploarization) is large enough it tiggers an action potential
Term
Electrochemical gradient
Definition
sum of chemical forces (concentration of chemicals) and electrical forces (distribution of + and - charges) across the membrane
Term
Passive Channels (leak channels)
Definition
always open but can change permeability based on changes in protein shape.
Term
Active Channels (gated channels)
Definition
open in response to stimuli
Term
Active Channels can be:
Definition
  • Closed but capable of opening
  • Activated (open)
  • Inactivated (closed cant open)
Term
Classes of Active Channels
Definition
  • Chemically Gated
  • Mechanically Gated
  • Voltage Gated
Term
Chemically Gated
Definition

open/closed when chemicals bind.

-Ex. receptors binding acetylcholine (Ach)

Term
Mechanically Gated
Definition

open/close in response to a physical distortion of plasma membrane

-Ex. sensory receptors (dendrites) responding to touch, pressure, or vibration

Term
Voltage gated
Definition

open/close in response to change in transmembrane potential.

Ex- excitable membranes (membranes capable of carrying an action potential) (axon)

Term
Most gated channels are ______ in resting potential
Definition
closed
Supporting users have an ad free experience!