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Chapter 12-The Circulatory System
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66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/16/2012

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Term
Accessory “hearts”
Definition
supplementary circulatory pumps seen in hagfish (lack cardiac muscle)
Term
Afferent artery
Definition
The section of the aortic arch delivering blood to the
gills (Fishes)
Term
Anastomosis
Definition
is the reconnection of two streams that previously branched out, such as blood vessels or leaf veins.
Term
Angiogenesis
Definition
Blood vessel formation
Term
Anterior cardinal vein
Definition
drain blood from the head region
Term
Aortic arches
Definition
Evolution of aortic arches. Pg.467
Term
Arteries
Definition
supply system that carries blood away from the heart and out to body tissues.

High in Oxygen(pulmonary is not)
Term
Arterioles
Definition
Very small arteries and veins
Term
Atrioventricular (AV node)
Definition
is a part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers
Term
Atrium
Definition
chamber in which blood enters the heart
Term
AV valves
Definition
form between the atrium and ventricle

normal flow, the valves are pushed open

blood reversal immediately forces them closed
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
is the resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute
Term
Bulbus arteriosus
Definition
is a pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches.

if its elastic walls lack cardiac
muscle
Term
Capillaries
Definition
the tiny vessels that lie between veins and arteries
Term
Cardiovascular system
Definition
organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis
Term
Carotid body
Definition
is a small cluster of sensory cells associated with capillaries,

plays a role in sensing the gas content or pressure of the
blood as well as having some endocrine functions
Term
Common cardinal vein
Definition
Where anterior and posterior cardinal unite and open into sinus venosus
Term
Conus arteriosus
Definition
adult form of bulbus cordis

contractile walls possess cardiac
muscle
Term
Coronary vessels
Definition
perfuse the heart wall, usually only
the outer part of the myocardium
Term
Cutaneous artery
Definition
which delivers blood to the skin along the
dorsal and lateral body wall...Leaves pulmocutaneous artery
Term
Diastolic pressure
Definition
constitutes the lowest pressure
within the blood vessels, which is reached between heartbeats.

is the period of time when the heart refills with blood
Term
Double circulation
Definition
blood passes through the heart twice during each circuit(Amniotes)

heart->lungs->back to the heart->out
to the systemic tissues->back to the heart a second time
Term
Efferent artery
Definition
Dorsal section of the aortic arch carrying blood away from gills (Fishes)
Term
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Definition
Contraction of the entire heart usually begins within a restricted region in the sinus venosus called the pacemaker
Term
Purkinje fibers
Definition
neuron like fibers that are modified cardiac muscle cells (part of AV node)
Term
Semilunar valve
Definition
The luminal walls of the bulbus arteriosus are thrown into leaflets, collectively forming this

Prevents reverse blood flow
Term
Single circulation
Definition
pattern in which blood passes only
once through the heart during each complete circuit (Fishes)

heart ->gills ->systemic tissues->heart
Term
Plasma
Definition
fluid component and can be thought of as
the ground substance of blood, a special connective tissue.
Term
Platelets
Definition
third formed element in the blood.

They release factors that produce a cascade of chemical events leading to the formation of a clot, or thrombus, at sites of tissue damage.
Term
Veins
Definition
Carry blood toward the heart

Usually low in oxygen (pulmonary is not)
Term
tunica intima
Definition
intermost layer of arteries and veins

includes the lining of endothelial cells that face the lumen
Term
tunica adventitia
Definition
Outermost layer of arteries and veins

composed mostly of fibrous connective
tissue
Term
tunica media
Definition
Middle layer of arteries and viens

Some smooth muscle contributes to this in large arteries, but elastic fibers predominate.

In large veins, this middle layer contains mostly smooth muscle with almost no elastic fibers.
Term
leucocytes
Definition
are a second major cellular constituent of the formed elements in blood

White blood cells-defend the body from infection and disease.
Term
Ductus arteriosus
Definition
is a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's fluid-filled non-functioning lungs.
Term
Ductus venosus
Definition
it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. in fetus
Term
Endocardium
Definition
the fused endocardial tubes form the endothelial lining
of the heart

innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart
Term
External carotids
Definition
which carry blood
into the ventral region of the head from ventral aorta
Term
Foramen of Panizza
Definition
A connecting vessel between the bases of
the left and right aortic arches in crocodilians.
Term
Foramen ovale
Definition
an opening between right and left atria, allows
most blood entering the right atrium to flow directly to the left
atrium without first passing through the lungs
Term
Formed elements
Definition
are the cellular components of blood.
Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are one cell type of the
Term
Hemopoiesis
Definition
blood cell formation
Term
Hepatic portal vein
Definition
transports absorbed
nutrients directly from the digestive tract to the liver for
storage or processing of many end products of digestion
Term
Internal carotids
Definition
which carry blood forward into the head and usually penetrate the braincase to supply the brain

From anterior dorsal aorta
Term
Lymph
Definition
The fluid carried by the lymphatic vessels

It
consists mostly of water and a few dissolved substances such
as electrolytes and proteins, but it contains no red blood cells.
Term
Lymph “hearts”
Definition
not true hearts because they lack cardiac
muscle, but striated muscles in their walls slowly develop
pulses of pressure to drive the lymph. (fishes)
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
partner with the circulatory system. It
aids fluid return to the circulatory system and is engaged in several special functions.

Structurally, there are two components of the vessels and tissue.
Term
Myocardium
Definition
the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall
Term
Portal system
Definition
vascular pathway that begins in
one set of capillaries and runs to another without coursing
through the heart in between
Term
Post cava
Definition
Drain posterior part of body
Term
Posterior cardinal vein
Definition
which return blood from the
embryo’s body
Term
Precapillary sphincter
Definition
little rings of smooth muscle restricting the entrance to the capillary beds.
Term
Precava
Definition
Drain anterior part of body
Term
Pulmocutaneous artery
Definition
The last arch (VI) loses its connection to the
dorsal aorta because the ductus arteriosus closes
Term
Pulmonary artery
Definition
artery branched from pulmocutaneous artery that eneters the lungs
Term
Rete
Definition
brings arteries and veins close together, allowing heat exchange between them near the brain

heat block provides a mechanism for absorbing excess
heat and preventing harmful thermal extremes in the brain
Term
Systolic pressure
Definition
the ventricles
of the heart contract, the peak force
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
refers to a heart rate that exceeds the normal range. A heart rate over 100 beats per minute
Term
Thrombus
Definition
blood clot
Term
Tissue fluid
Definition
fluid that has escaped from the blood
capillaries to surrounding cells
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
The inner wall of the
myocardium, especially of the ventricle, often forms projecting
cones of muscle
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
Vessels narrow
Term
Vasodilatiion
Definition
vessels open and restore or enlarge in size of the lumen
Term
Ventral aorta
Definition
Blood leaving the heart first enters an unpaired
Term
Ventricle
Definition
ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs
Term
Venules
Definition
Very small veins
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