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Chapter 1
homeostasis, specific fields
82
Anatomy
Not Applicable
08/22/2005

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
Study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships amoung body parts
Term
Physiology
Definition
Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Term
Important idea
Definition
All specific functions are performed by specific structures.
Term
Gross anatomy (macroscopic)
Definition
examination of relatively large structures and features ususually visible with the unaided eye.
Term
Surface anatomy
Definition
study form and superficial markings
Term
Regional anatomy
Definition
anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neco or trunk.
Term
Systemic anatomy
Definition
study of the structure of organ systems.
Term
Developmental anatomy
Definition
changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.
Term
Embryology
Definition
The study of early develpmental processes during the first two months.
Term
Surgical anatomy
Definition
Anatomical landmarks important to surgery.
Term
Radiographic anatomy
Definition
Anatomical structures seen using specialized imaging techniques.
Term
Medical anatomy
Definition
anatomical features that change during illness.
Term
Microscopic anatomy
Definition
structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
Term
Cytology
Definition
analysis of the internal structure of individual cells.
Term
Histology
Definition
The study of tissues.
Term
Cell physiology
Definition
The study of functions of cells.
Term
Special physiology
Definition
The study of the physiology of specific organs.
Term
Systemic physiology
Definition
all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems.
Term
Pathological physiology
Definition
Study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.
Term
Levels of Organization.
Definition
Chemical or molecular level.
Atoms form molecules
..........................................
Cellular level
Molecules form organelles, which makes cells.
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Tissue level
.........................................
Organ level
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Organ system level
.......................................
Organism level
Term
Atoms
Definition
the smallest stable units of matter...form molecules.
Term
Cells
Definition
smallest living unit in the body.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Stable internal environment.
Term
Homeostatic regulation
Definition
The adjustment of physiological systems to perserve homeostasis.
Term
Autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)
Definition
occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ or an organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change.
(Oxygen levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that dilate local blood vessels. This dilation increases the rate of blood flow and provides more oxygen to the region.)
Term
Extrinsic regulation
Definition
results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system, two organ systems that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously. (When you exercise, your nervous system issues commands that increase your heart rate so that blood will circulate faster. Your nervous system also reduces blood flow to less active organs, such as the digestive tract. The oxygen in circulating blood is thus available to the active muscles, where it is needed most.
Term
Nervous system in homeostasis
Definition
Directs rapid, short term and very specific responses

Hand on hot stove, heat produces pain, localized disturbance of homeostatasis, Nervous system responds by ordering the immediate contraction of specific muscles that will pull your hand away from stove. These contractions last only as long as the neural activity continues usually a matter of seconds.
Term
Endocrine system in homeostatsis
Definition
Releases chemical messengers called hormones which affect tissues and organs throughout the body. May not be immediately apparent, but may persist for weeks.

Long term regulation of blood volume and composition, adjustment of organ system function during starvation.
Term
Homeostatic regulatroy mechanisms
Definition
Receptor
..........................................
control center
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effector
Term
Receptor
Definition
Sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus.

(internal remote thermometer.)
Term
Control center (integration center)
Definition
receives and processes the information suppplied by the receptor, and which sends out commands to effector.

Thermostat
Term
Effector
Definition
cell or organ that responds to the commands of the the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

air conditioner or heater.
Term
Types of feedback
Definition
Negative feedback
........................................
Positive feedback
Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
control of body temp.

Relationship between heat loss, which occurs primarily at the body surface, and heat production, which occurs in all active tussues is altered.
Term
Homeostatic control of body temp control center is in the
Definition
Hypothalamus of the brain.
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
The primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation, and it provides long term control over the body's internal conditions and systems. Usually ignores minor variations, and maintains a normal range rather than a fixed value.

If body temp rises above 98.6 F activity in the control center targets two effectors. the uscle tissue in the walls of the blood vessels supplying the skin, and the sweat glands. The muscle tissue relaxes and the blood vessels dialate, increasing blood flow through vessels near the body surface, the sweat glands accelerate their secretion. The skin then acts like a radiator by losing heat tot he environment, and the evaporation of sweat speeds the process. As body temp returns to normal, temp at the hypothalamus declines and the htermoregulatory control center becomes less active. Superficial blood blow and sweat gland activity then secrease to the previous levels.
Term
Positive feedback
Definition
Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhance the change in the otriginal conditions, rather than opposing it.
.......................................

Positive feedback loop.
blood clotting
child birth
Term
State of equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium
Definition
exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance.
.........................................
Physiological systems are continually adapting and adjusting to changeing conditions.
Term
Normal human body temp
Definition
98.6 f
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37 C
Term
Where are temp receptors in the body
Definition
In the skin
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In the hypothalamus.
Term
systems involved in homeostaic regulation
Definition
Integumentary
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Musclular
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cardiovascular
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nervous
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digestive
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urinary
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respiratory
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endocrine
Term
Integumentary system in homeostatic regulation
Definition
body temp-heat loss
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body fluid volume-loss of water through perspiration
Term
Musclular system and homeostatic regulation
Definition
body temp-heat production
Term
Cardiovascular system and homeostatic regulation.
Definition
body temp- heat distribution
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body fluid composition-nutrient distribution.
.......................................
body fluid volume-distribution of water
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waste product concentration-transport of waste products to sites of excretion.
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Blood pressure-pressure generated by the heart moving blood through blood vessels.
Term
Nervous system and homeostatic regulation
Definition
body temp-coordination of blood flow, heat production,a nd heat loss.
.........................................
blood pressure- adjustments in heart rate and blood vessel diameter can raise or lower blood pressure.
Term
Digestive system in homeostatic regulation
Definition
body fluid composition-Nutrient absorption, storage, and release.
........................................
body fluid volume-absorption of water, loss of water in feces.
Term
Urinary system in homeostatic regulation
Definition
body fluid compostition-control of nutrient loss in the urine
.........................................
Body fluid volume-elimination or conservation of water from the blood.
.......................................
waste product concentration-elemination of waste products from the blood.
Term
Respiratory system and homeostatic regulation
Definition
body fluid composition-Absorption of oxygen, elimination of carbon dioxide.
Term
Endocrine system and homeostatic regulation
Definition
adjustments in heart rate and blood vessel diameter can raise or lower blood pressure.
Term
Main body cavity in front of body
Definition
Ventral body cavity hods the organs of the respiratory, cardiovasculaqr, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Term
What divides the vental body cavity into two parts
Definition
diaphragm

a flat muscular sheet
Term
What are the names of the two body cavities that make up the ventral cavity.
Definition
Thoracic cavity
...........................................
abdominopelvic cavity
Term
Name of internal organs that are partially or completely encolsed by cavities.
Definition
viscera.
Term
Name of membrane that lines the walls of the internal cavities and covers the surfaces of the enclosed viscera.
Definition
Serous membrane.
Term
Function of serous membrane
Definition
They are moistened by a watery fluid that coats the opposing surface and reduces friction.
Term
The portion of the serous membrane that covers a visceral organ is called.
Definition
Visceral layer.
Term
The portion of a serous membrane that covers the inner surface of the body wall or chamber is called.
Definition
Parietal
Term
the thoracic cavity contains
Definition
lungs, heart, associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lympatic system, the inferior portions of the esophagus, and the thymus.
Term
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the left and right what?
Definition
pleural cavities
Term
The pleural cavities are separated by the what?
Definition
Mediastinum.
Term
Each pleural cavity contains what organ.
Definition
A lung
Term
The serous membrane lining a pleural cavity is called the.
Definition
pleura.

visceral pleura
parietal pleura
Term
Function of mediastinum
Definition
consists of a mass of connective tissue that surrounds, stabilizes and supports the esophagus, trachea, and thymus, as well as the major blood vessels that originate or end at the heart.
Term
Cavity inside the mediastinum
Definition
Pericardial cavity
Term
What organ is inside the pericardial cavity
Definition
the heart
Term
Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
Definition
pericardium.
Term
The abdominal pelvic cavity is subdivided into what two cavities?
Definition
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Term
The abdominal cavity contains what cavity
Definition
peritoneal cavity
Term
The serous membrane of the peritoneal
Definition
peritoneum
Term
The abdominal cavity contains what organs
Definition
Liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of the large intestine.
Term
The organs that lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity.
Definition
kidneys, pancreas
Term
organsn that lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity are said to be
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
The pelvic cavity contains what organs
Definition
Distal portion of large intestine, urinary bladder, various reproductive organs.
Term
CT, Cat (computerized axial tomography
Definition
an imaging technique that uses x rays to reconstruct the bodys three dimensional structure.

xray
Term
disease
Definition
a malfunction of organs or organ systems resulting from a failure of homeostatic regulation.
Term
DSA digital subtraction angiography
Definition
A technique used to monitor blood flow through specific organs, such as the brain, heart, lungs, or kidneys. X rays are taken before and after a radiopaque dye is administered, and a computer subtracts details common to both images. The result is a high contrast image showing distrubution of the dye.
Term
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
Definition
An imaging technique that employs a magnetic field and radio waves to protray subtle structural difference.
Term
Pet scan Positron emission tomography
Definition
An imaging technique that shows the chimical functioning, as well as the structure, of an organ.
Term
Radiologist
Definition
A physician who specializes in performing and analyzing radiological prodcedures.
Term
spiral CT
Definition
a method of processing computerized tomography data to provide rapid, three-dimensional images of internal organs.
Term
ultrasound
Definition
An imaging technique that uses brief bursts of high frequency sound waves reflected by internal structures.
Term
x ray
Definition
High energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues.
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