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Chapter 1
Introduction to A & P
52
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/28/2017

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Term
Anatomy is _______.
Definition
Study of internal and external body structures
Term
Physiology is ________.
Definition
the study of how living organisms perform their functions
Term
Pathology is the study of _____.
Definition
Disease.
Term
5 types of gross anatomy
Definition
Surface anatomy, Regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, clinical anatomy, and developmental anatomy
Term
Surface anatomy
Definition
the study of general forms and superficial markings
Term
regional anatomy
Definition
focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as head, neck or trunk.
Term
Systemic anatomy
Definition
the study of the structure of organ systems.
Ex. skeletal system, muscular system, cardiovascular system.
Term
Clinical anatomy
Definition
sub-specialties important in clinical practice, such as pathological anatomy (anatomical features that change during illness), surgical anatomy (anatomical landmarks that are important in surgery)
Term
Developmental anatomy
Definition
Describes the changes in form that take place between conception and adulthood.
Term
2 types of microscopic anatomy
Definition
cytology and histology
Term
cytology
Definition
study of the internal structure of individual cells
Term
histology
Definition
the study of tissues
Term
human physiology
Definition
the study of the functions of the human body
Term
cell physiology
Definition
the study of the functions of cells
Term
organ physiology
Definition
the study of the function of specific organs, such as the heart (cardiac physiology)
Term
systemic physiology
Definition
the study of the functioning of specific organ systems, such as the respiratory system
Term
pathological physiology
Definition
the study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions
Term
levels of organization
Definition
atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
Term
atoms
Definition
the smallest stable units of matter which combine to form molecules
Term
What are cells?
Definition
the smallest living units in the body
Term
What is a tissue?
Definition
a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions
Term
What are organs?
Definition
two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions.
Term
What is an organ system?
Definition
a group of organs interacting to perform a particular action. Ex: heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system
Term
What is an organism?
Definition
an individual human
Term
what is homeostasis?
Definition
the existence of a stable internal environment
Term
What is autoregulation?
Definition
A process that occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change, such as when O2 levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that dilate the blood vessels, which increases the rate of blood flow and provides more O2.
Term
What is extrinsic regulation?
Definition
A process that results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine systems when they detect an environmental change. Ex: when you exercise, your nervous system issues commands to increase your heart rate so that blood will circulate faster
Term
What are the 3 parts of the homeostatic regulatory mechanism?
Definition
1. receptor, 2. control center, 3. effector
Term
What does a receptor in the homeostatic regulatory mechanism do?
Definition
A receptor is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change
Term
What does the control center do?
Definition
Receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands to the effector
Term
What does the effector do?
Definition
Responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus
Term
negative feedback
Definition
the effector activated by the control center negates (opposes) the original stimulus. EX: thermoregulation
Term
Positive feedback
Definition
the effector activated by the control center enhances the original stimulus. Ex: blood clotting
Term
What is a state of equilibrium
Definition
It exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance.
Term
what are body cavities?
Definition
Close, fluid-filled, and lined by a serous membrane or serosa. Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
Term
what 2 parts are in the thoracic cavity?
Definition
The pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity.
Term
what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Definition
a flat muscular sheet called the diaphragm
Term
viscera
Definition
the internal organs that are enclosed by these cavities
Term
functions of the body cavities?
Definition
1.protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts
2.permit significant changes in size and shape of organs
Term
visceral serosa
Definition
the portion of a serous membrane that covers a visceral organ
Term
parietal serosa
Definition
the portion of the serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber
Term
what does the thoracic cavity contain?
Definition
the heart, lungs, associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems; inferior portions of the esophagus, and the thymus.
Term
what is the thoracic cavity sub-divided into?
Definition
The right and left pleural cavities which each contain a lung, separated by the mediastinum
Term
what is the mediastinum and what does it contain?
Definition
its a mass of connective tissue that stabilizes,surrounds, and supports the esophagus, trachea, and thymus. Also contains the pericardial cavity, a small chamber that surrounds the heart.
Term
what serous membrane surrounds the heart?
Definition
the pericardium
Term
what is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into?
Definition
The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
Term
what does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
Definition
the peritoneal cavity, a potential space lined by the peritoneum
Term
what lines the inner surface of the body wall?
Definition
parietal perineum
Term
what covers the organs in the peritoneum?
Definition
the visceral peritoneum
Term
what does the abdominal cavity contain?
Definition
The liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
Term
what organs are considered to be retroperitoneal?
Definition
the kidneys and pancreas
Term
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Definition
the urinary bladder, in women, the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus; in men, the prostate gland and seminal glands, and the distal portion of the large intestine
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