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Chapter 1
An introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/13/2013

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Term
What is the oldest medical science?
Definition
Anatomy
Term
Why is studying human anatomy and physiology important?
Definition
understanding normal physiology assists in recognizing when something abnormal occurs within the body.
Term
Anatomy
Definition
the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts
Term
Physiology
Definition
the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
Term
Medical terminology
Definition
The special language that involves the use of word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease
Term
Eponym
Definition
a commemorative name for a structure or clinical condition that was originally named for a real or mythical person.
Term
International Anatomical Terminology (Terminologia Anatomica)
Definition
The book that serves as the international standard for anatomical vocabulary.
Term
gross anatomy
Definition
The study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope
Term
embryology
Definition
The study of embryonic development, focusing on the first 2 months after fertilization.
Term
cytology
Definition
The study of cells.
Term
cell
Definition
The smallest living unit in the human body.
Term
histology
Definition
The study of tissues.
Term
organs
Definition
Combinations of tissues that perform complex functions.
Term
Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related.
Definition
Anatomy and physiology are closely related because all specific functions are performed by specific structures.
Term
What is the difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy?
Definition
Gross anatomy (often referred to as macroscopic anatomy) involves studying body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye. Microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures using a microscope to magnify the objects.
Term
Why is it difficult to separate anatomy from physiology?
Definition
It is difficult to separate anatomy from physiology because the structures of body parts are so closely related to their functions; put another way, function follows form.
Term
Levels of organization (least to most complex)
Definition
Chemical/ molecular level -> Cellular level -> Tissue level -> Organ Level -> organ system level -> Organism level
Term
Organs of the Integumentary System
Definition
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Term
Organs of the Skeletal System
Definition
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
Term
Organs of the muscular system
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Associated tendons
Term
Organs of the Nervous
Definition
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves
Sensory Organs
Term
Organs of the Endocrine system
Definition
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Suprarenal glands
Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Endocrine tissues in other systems
Term
Organs of the Cardiovascular System
Definition
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
Term
Organs of the Lymphoid System
Definition
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Tonsils
Term
Organs of the Respiratory System
Definition
Nasal Cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Term
Organs of the Digestive system
Definition
Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Term
Organs of the Urinary system
Definition
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Term
Organs of the Male reproductive system
Definition
Testes
Epididymides
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
penis
scrotum
Term
Organs of the Female reproductive system
Definition
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Labia
Clitoris
Mammary glands
Term
At which level of biological organization does a histologist investigate structures?
Definition
The tissue level
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
Term
Autoregulation
Definition
Changes in activity that maintain homeostasis in direct response to changes in the local environment; does not require neural or endocrine control.
Term
Extrinsic regulation
Definition
results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system, two organ systems that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously
Term
3 parts of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism
Definition
1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector
Term
Symptom
Definition
Subjective information; felt by the patient and not measurable or detectable.
Term
Sign
Definition
objective information that can be measured or detected
Term
Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism?
Definition
Physiological systems can function normally only under carefully controlled conditions. Homeostatic regulation prevents potentially disruptive changes in the body’s internal environment.
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
A corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits.
Term
positive feedback
Definition
A mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus.
Term
Explain the function of negative feedback systems
Definition
Negative feedback systems provide long-term control over the body’s internal conditions—that is, they maintain homeostasis—by counteracting the effects of a stimulus.
Term
What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down?
Definition
When homeostasis fails, organ systems function less efficiently or even malfunction. The result is the state that we call disease. If the situation is not corrected, death can result.
Term
Explain how a positive feedback system works.
Definition
A positive feedback system amplifies or reinforces the effects of a stimulus.
Term
Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature?
Definition
Positive feedback is useful in processes that must move quickly to completion, such as blood clotting. It is harmful in situations in which a stable condition must be maintained, because it tends to increase any departure from the desired condition. Positive feedback in the regulation of body temperature, for example, would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results. For this reason, physiological systems are typically regulated by negative feedback, which tends to oppose any departure from the norm.
Term
equilibrium
Definition
Equilibrium is a dynamic state in which two opposing forces or processes are in balance.
Term
When the body continuously adapts by utilizing homeostatic systems, it is said to be in a state of ___________ equilibrium.
Definition
When the body continuously adapts, utilizing homeostatic systems, it is said to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
Term
Superficial anatomy
Definition
involves locating structures on or near the body surface.
Term
anatomical position
Definition
An anatomical reference position; the body viewed from the anterior surface with the palms facing forward
Term
supine
Definition
Lying face up, with palms facing anteriorly
Term
prone
Definition
Lying face down with the palms facing the floor.
Term
Anatomical Landmarks (figure)
Definition
[image]
Term
Transverse plane
Definition
lies at right angles to the long axis of the body, dividing it into superior and inferior portions.
Term
frontal plane (or coronal plane)
Definition
extends from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
extends from the front to back, dividing the body into left and right portions.
Term
Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the purpose of anatomical terms?
Definition
The purpose of anatomical terms is to provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body.
Term
In the anatomical position, describe an anterior view and a posterior view.
Definition
In the anatomical position, an anterior view is seen from the front and a posterior view is from the back.
Term
Ventral body cavity subdivisions
Definition
[image]
Term
viscera
Definition
Organs in the ventral body cavity.
Term
Ventral body cavity diagram
Definition
[image]
Term
pleural cavities
Definition
Subdivisions of the thoracic cavity that contain the lungs.
Term
mediastinum
Definition
The central tissue mass that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
The space between the parietal pericardium and the epicardium (visceral pericardium) that covers the outer surface of the heart.
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
The inferior subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity; encloses the urinary bladder, the sigmoid colon and rectum, and male or female reproductive organs.
Term
Name two essential functions of body cavities
Definition
Body cavities protect internal organs and cushion them from thumps and bumps that occur while walking, running, or jumping. Body cavities also permit the organs within them to change in size and shape without disrupting the activities of nearby organs.
Term
Identify the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity.
Definition
The ventral body cavities include the pleural and pericardial cavities within the thoracic cavity, and the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities within the abdominopelvic cavity.
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