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| What is the oldest medical science? |
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Definition
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| Why is studying human anatomy and physiology important? |
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Definition
| understanding normal physiology assists in recognizing when something abnormal occurs within the body. |
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| the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts |
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| the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions |
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| The special language that involves the use of word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease |
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| a commemorative name for a structure or clinical condition that was originally named for a real or mythical person. |
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| International Anatomical Terminology (Terminologia Anatomica) |
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Definition
| The book that serves as the international standard for anatomical vocabulary. |
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| The study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope |
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| The study of embryonic development, focusing on the first 2 months after fertilization. |
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| The smallest living unit in the human body. |
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| Combinations of tissues that perform complex functions. |
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Term
| Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related. |
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Definition
| Anatomy and physiology are closely related because all specific functions are performed by specific structures. |
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Term
| What is the difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy? |
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Definition
| Gross anatomy (often referred to as macroscopic anatomy) involves studying body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye. Microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures using a microscope to magnify the objects. |
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Term
| Why is it difficult to separate anatomy from physiology? |
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Definition
| It is difficult to separate anatomy from physiology because the structures of body parts are so closely related to their functions; put another way, function follows form. |
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Term
| Levels of organization (least to most complex) |
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Definition
| Chemical/ molecular level -> Cellular level -> Tissue level -> Organ Level -> organ system level -> Organism level |
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Term
| Organs of the Integumentary System |
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Definition
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands |
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Term
| Organs of the Skeletal System |
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Definition
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow |
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| Organs of the muscular system |
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Definition
Skeletal muscle
Associated tendons |
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Definition
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves
Sensory Organs |
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| Organs of the Endocrine system |
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Definition
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Suprarenal glands
Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Endocrine tissues in other systems |
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Term
| Organs of the Cardiovascular System |
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Definition
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| Organs of the Lymphoid System |
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Definition
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Tonsils |
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Term
| Organs of the Respiratory System |
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Definition
Nasal Cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli |
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Term
| Organs of the Digestive system |
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Definition
Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas |
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Term
| Organs of the Urinary system |
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Definition
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra |
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Term
| Organs of the Male reproductive system |
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Definition
Testes
Epididymides
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
penis
scrotum |
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Term
| Organs of the Female reproductive system |
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Definition
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Labia
Clitoris
Mammary glands |
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Term
| At which level of biological organization does a histologist investigate structures? |
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Definition
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Definition
| The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment |
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Definition
| Changes in activity that maintain homeostasis in direct response to changes in the local environment; does not require neural or endocrine control. |
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Definition
| results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system, two organ systems that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously |
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Term
| 3 parts of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism |
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Definition
1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector |
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Definition
| Subjective information; felt by the patient and not measurable or detectable. |
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Definition
| objective information that can be measured or detected |
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Term
| Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism? |
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Definition
| Physiological systems can function normally only under carefully controlled conditions. Homeostatic regulation prevents potentially disruptive changes in the body’s internal environment. |
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Definition
| A corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits. |
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Definition
| A mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus. |
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Term
| Explain the function of negative feedback systems |
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Definition
| Negative feedback systems provide long-term control over the body’s internal conditions—that is, they maintain homeostasis—by counteracting the effects of a stimulus. |
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Term
| What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down? |
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Definition
| When homeostasis fails, organ systems function less efficiently or even malfunction. The result is the state that we call disease. If the situation is not corrected, death can result. |
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Term
| Explain how a positive feedback system works. |
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Definition
| A positive feedback system amplifies or reinforces the effects of a stimulus. |
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Term
| Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature? |
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Definition
| Positive feedback is useful in processes that must move quickly to completion, such as blood clotting. It is harmful in situations in which a stable condition must be maintained, because it tends to increase any departure from the desired condition. Positive feedback in the regulation of body temperature, for example, would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results. For this reason, physiological systems are typically regulated by negative feedback, which tends to oppose any departure from the norm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Equilibrium is a dynamic state in which two opposing forces or processes are in balance. |
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Term
| When the body continuously adapts by utilizing homeostatic systems, it is said to be in a state of ___________ equilibrium. |
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Definition
| When the body continuously adapts, utilizing homeostatic systems, it is said to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium. |
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Definition
| involves locating structures on or near the body surface. |
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| An anatomical reference position; the body viewed from the anterior surface with the palms facing forward |
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Term
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Definition
| Lying face up, with palms facing anteriorly |
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Definition
| Lying face down with the palms facing the floor. |
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| Anatomical Landmarks (figure) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lies at right angles to the long axis of the body, dividing it into superior and inferior portions. |
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Term
| frontal plane (or coronal plane) |
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Definition
| extends from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions. |
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Definition
| extends from the front to back, dividing the body into left and right portions. |
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Term
| Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of anatomical terms? |
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Definition
| The purpose of anatomical terms is to provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body. |
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Term
| In the anatomical position, describe an anterior view and a posterior view. |
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Definition
| In the anatomical position, an anterior view is seen from the front and a posterior view is from the back. |
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Term
| Ventral body cavity subdivisions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organs in the ventral body cavity. |
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Term
| Ventral body cavity diagram |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Subdivisions of the thoracic cavity that contain the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The central tissue mass that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| The space between the parietal pericardium and the epicardium (visceral pericardium) that covers the outer surface of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inferior subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity; encloses the urinary bladder, the sigmoid colon and rectum, and male or female reproductive organs. |
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Term
| Name two essential functions of body cavities |
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Definition
| Body cavities protect internal organs and cushion them from thumps and bumps that occur while walking, running, or jumping. Body cavities also permit the organs within them to change in size and shape without disrupting the activities of nearby organs. |
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Term
| Identify the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity. |
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Definition
| The ventral body cavities include the pleural and pericardial cavities within the thoracic cavity, and the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities within the abdominopelvic cavity. |
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