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Chapter 1
Digestion, absorbtion, transport, excretion of nutrients
31
Anatomy
Professional
01/10/2013

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Term
___ is the movement of particles via a carrier protien across cell membranes and epithelial layers; requires an expenditure of energy
Definition
active transport
Term
___ is an enzyme that is secreted in saliva and from the pancreas and catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch
Definition
amylase
Term
___ is the microvilli that greatly increase the surface area of intestinal mucosal cells
Definition
brush border
Term
___ is the process by which a mineral is bound to a ligand, usually an acid, an organic acid, or a sugar; so that it is in a form capable of being absorbed into intestinal cells
Definition
chelation
Term
___ is a hormone that is secreted by the proximal small bowel and stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzymes (and,to a lesser extent, bicarbonateand water), stimulates gall bladder contraction,slows gastric emptying, stimulates colonic activity, and may regulate appetite
Definition
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Term
___ is the semifluid, gruel like material produced by the gastric digestion of food
Definition
chyme
Term
___ is the process of fermenting and absorbing end products of dietary carbohydrate, fiber, and amino acids in the large intestine
Definition
colonic salvage
Term
___ is a hormone secreted by the duodenal mucosa in response to the presence of fat in the duodenum; inhibits gastric secretion and motility, slowing the delivery of additional lipids into the duodenum.
Definition
enterogastrone
Term
____ is the movement of particles across a membrane via a transporter or carrier protein
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
___ is a hormone that is produced by the antral mucosa of the stomach and stimulates gastric secretions and motility
Definition
gastrin
Term
___ is a hormone released from the intestinal mucosa that decreases gastric emptying, lower glucagon secretion, stimulates insulin secretions, and increases insulin sensitivity and satiety
Definition
glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Term
___ is a hormone that is released from the intestinal mucosa in the presence of glucose, fat, and/or protein and increases insulin release by pancreatic islet cells
Definition
glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
Term
___is an intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose
Definition
lactase
Term
___ is an intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes maltose into glucose
Definition
maltase
Term
__ is a complex of primarily free fatty acids monoglycerides, and bile salts that allow lipids to be absorbed into intestinal mucosal cells
Definition
micelle
Term
___ are minute cylindrical processes that are found on the surface of the intestinal cells and greatly increase their absorbptive surface area
Definition
microvilli
Term
__ a polypeptide gastrointestinal hormone that promotes gastric emptying and intestinal motility
Definition
motilin
Term
___ is an enzyme in pancreatic juice that hydrolyzes ester linkages between fatty acids and glycerol
Definition
pancreatic lipase
Term
___ are large cells that are scattered along the walls of the stomach and secrete hydrochloric acid and gastric juice
Definition
parietal cells
Term
___ is the random movement of particles through openings in cellular membranes according to electrochemical and concentration gradients
Definition
passive diffusion
Term
___ is a protease active only in the acid environment of the stomach; serves to change the shape and size of some proteins in the meal
Definition
pepsin
Term
___ is the movement by which the alimentary canal propels its contents
Definition
peristalsis
Term
___ is food usually carbohydrates or specific oligosacharides from vegetables, grains, and legumes, may also include resistant starch, soluable dietary fiber, and malabsorbed sugars that are preferred energy substrates of friendly microbes in the gastrointestinal tract
Definition
prebiotic
Term
___ is food or concentrate of live organisms that contribute to a healthy microbial environment and suppress potential harmful microbes
Definition
probiotic
Term
___ are the enzyme which break down protein into proteoses, peptones, peptides, and amino acids
Definition
proteolytic enzymes
Term
What are 3 proteolytic enzymes?
Definition
trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
Term
__ is a hormone released from the duodenal wall into the bloodstream that stimulates the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate and inhibits gastrin secretion
Definition
secretin
Term
__ is a polypeptide hormone secreted from the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas that tends to inhibit other gastrointestinal secretions and motility
Definition
somatostatin
Term
___ is the intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose
Definition
sucrase
Term
___ is a combination of probiotics and prebiotics of a long chain inulin type fructans
Definition
synbiotic
Term
___ are the numerous fingerlike projections that cover the surface of the small intestine mucosa
Definition
villi
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