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Chapter 11
More Muscles Exam III MSU
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/05/2011

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Term
Rigor Mortis
Definition
Affects skeletal muscle tissue several hours after death
Depletion of ATP in muscle fibers causes stiffness of joints
Crossbridges are stuck in bound position because there is no ATP to release them
Term
Lever systems: Overview
Definition
Most skeletal muscles operate in a lever system
Levers allow more effort to be applied to a given load (or allow load to be moved farther)
Term
Leverage
Definition
use of a lever to move an object
Term
Lever
Definition
rigid bar that moves on a fixed point, which is called a fulcrum
Term
Load
Definition
Object being moved.
Term
Effort
Definition
Force to move load
Term
Mechanical advantage
Definition
load is close to fulcrum and effort is far from fulcrum
Term
Mechanical disadvantage
Definition
load is farther from fulcrum than effort
Term
Law of levers
Definition
When effort is farther from fulcrum than the load = advantage; when effort is nearer to the fulcrum than the load = disadvantage
Term
First class lever
Definition
Effort is applied at one end, and the load is at the other end
Fulcrum is somewhere in the middle
Examples: see-saw, car jack
Term
First class lever anatomy example
Definition
Posterior neck mm operate on the atlanto-occipital joint (fulcrum) to lift your chin up (load)
Term
Second class lever
Definition
Effort is applied at one end, and fulcrum is at the other
Load is in between
Examples: Wheelbarrow
Term
Second class lever anatomy example
Definition
Your calf mm provide the effort to stand on your tip toes with your body weight acting as the load and your metatarsophalangeal as the fulcrum
Term
Third class lever
Definition
Effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum
Effort is in the middle
Examples: tweezers, shovel
Term
Third class lever anatomy example
Definition
Most mm function as third class levers. The biceps brachii is exerting effort on the radial tuberosity with the elbow (fulcrum) remaining stationary and is able to lift the forearm and hand (load).
Term
Fascicle
Definition
bundle of muscle fibers
Term
Fascicle arrangement: Parallel
Definition
axes of fascicles run parallel to muscle itself
Term
Fascicle arrangement: Convergent
Definition
muscle origin is broad, and fascicles converge toward a tendon of insertion
Term
Fascicle arrangement: Pennate
Definition
fascicles are short and attach obliquely to tendon that runs entire length of muscle
Term
Pennate type: Unipennate
Definition
fascicles insert into one side of tendon
Term
Pennate type: Bipennate
Definition
fascicles insert into both sides of tendon
Term
Pennate type: Multipennate
Definition
several “feathers” present
Term
Fascicle Arrangement: Circular
Definition
fascicles arranged in concentric rings
Term
Embryonic Development: Realize that due to embryonic rotation: Upper limb muscles
Definition
Anterior = Flexors
Posterior = Extensors
Term
Embryonic Development: Realize that due to embryonic rotation: Lower limb muscles
Definition
Anterior = Extensors (dorsiflex at ankle)
Posterior = Flexors (plantar flex at ankle)
Term
Actions of Skeletal Muscle: Agonist
Definition
Is the primary player in a given movement
Sometimes 2 muscles work together, both as agonists
Term
Actions of Skeletal Muscle: Antagonist
Definition
Opposes or reverses the movement of the agonist
Term
Actions of Skeletal Muscle: Synergist
Definition
Helps agonist by either providing additional force or by eliminating extra movements
Ex. Finger flexion
Term
Actions of Skeletal Muscle: Fixator
Definition
special kind of synergist that holds a bone in place to provide stable base for agonist
Term
Naming on skeletal muscles: Determined by...
Definition
Location, shape, relative muscle size, direction of fascicles and fibers, location of attachments, number or origins, action.
Term
Neck (Sternocleidomastoid)
Definition
2 headed (sterno & cleido)
Agonist of head flexion when both act together
When acting alone will rotate head toward shoulder on opposite side
Term
Back(Erector spinae)
Definition
Agonist of back extension
Consists of 3 muscle columns:
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Term
Thorax(breathing): External intercostals
Definition
Pull ribs toward each other to elevate rib cage, aids in inspiration
Term
Thorax(breathing): Internal intercostals
Definition
Draws ribs together and depresses rib cage, aids in forced expiration
Term
Thorax(breathing): Diaphragm
Definition
Prime mover of inspiration – flattens and moves inferiorly to increase intra-abdominal pressure
Term
Trapezius
Definition
Posterior and superficial
Moves scapula – different fibers in different regions all can act on the scapula
Elevation and depression of shoulder
Term
Pectoralis major
Definition
Agonist of arm flexion
Term
Latissimus dorsi
Definition
Agonist of arm extension
Term
Deltoid
Definition
Agonist of abduction, flexion, extension
Term
Abdomen (Rectus abdominis)
Definition
Flex and rotate lumbar region, fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis (used in sit-ups/curls)
“6 pack” muscle
Term
Biceps brachii (Anterior compartment)
Definition
Forearm supination and flexion – agonist
Term
Triceps brachii (Posterior compartment)
Definition
Forearm extension – agonist
Term
Tennis elbow
Definition
tenderness due to trauma or overuse of tendon at the origin of forearm extensors (lateral epicondyle of humerus)
Term
(Rectus femoris)
Definition
Thigh flexion and knee extension
Cross hip joint (only mm in anterior thigh to do so)
Helps form quadriceps tendon
Term
Gluteus maximus
Definition
Agonist for thigh extension
Term
Hamstrings (3 mm – biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Definition
Thigh extension and knee flexion
Term
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius)
Definition
Agonist of knee extension
Term
Hamstrings (previous slide)
Definition
Agonist of knee flexion
Term
Tibialis anterior
Definition
Agonist for dorsiflexion
Term
Gastrocnemius
Definition
Agonist for plantar flexion
Term
Soleus
Definition
Agonist for plantar flexion
Term
Charley horse
Definition
Muscle tear, followed by bleeding and severe pain
Term
Shin splints
Definition
Pain in anterior leg caused by swelling of tibialis anterior
Muscle cuts off its own circulation as it swells and presses on its own nerves because it is tightly wrapped by fascia
Term
Compartment Syndrome
Definition
An increase of pressure in a muscle compartment
Painful (puts pressure on nerves) and may cut off blood flow
Caused by trauma or repetitive activities (only while doing that activity)
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