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Chapter 11
muscles
37
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/01/2011

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Term
Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
*Bones –
*Joints –
*Muscle contraction –
*Load –
Definition
Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
*Bones – act as levers
*Joints – act as fulcrums
*Muscle contraction – provides effort
-Applies force where muscle attaches to bone
*Load – bone, overlying tissue, and anything lifted
Term
Levers allow a given effort to:
2
Definition
Levers allow a given effort to:
Move a heavier load
Move a load farther
Term
Mechanical advantage
Definition
Mechanical advantage
Moves a large load over small distances
Term
First-class lever
Effort applied at
Load is at
Fulcrum is located
Definition
First-class lever
Effort applied at one end
Load is at the opposite end
Fulcrum is located between load and effort
lifting the head
Term
Second-class lever
Effort applied at
Fulcrum is at the
Load is
Examples –
An uncommon type of lever in the body
Work at a mechanical _____
Definition
Second-class lever
Effort applied at one end
Fulcrum is at the opposite end
Load is between the effort and fulcrum
Examples – wheelbarrow or standing on tiptoe
An uncommon type of lever in the body
Work at a mechanical advantage
Term
Third-class lever
Effort is applied ____
Work _____
mecanincal ______
most common for _____ muscles
Definition
Third-class lever
Effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum
Example – biceps brachii
Fulcrum – the elbow joint
Force – exerted on the proximal region of the radius
Load – the distal part of the forearm
Work speedily
mecanincal disadvantage
most common for skeletal muscles
Term
Types of fascicle arrangement
Parallel – fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
Strap-like – _______
Fusiform – ______
Definition
Types of fascicle arrangement
Parallel – fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
Strap-like – sternocleidomastoid
Fusiform – biceps brachii
Term
Types of fascicle arrangement
Convergent
Origin of the muscle is _____
Fascicles _____ toward the tendon of insertion
Example – ________
Definition
Types of fascicle arrangement
Convergent
Origin of the muscle is broad
Fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion
Example – pectoralis major
Term
Types of fascicle arrangement
Pennate
Unipennate – fascicles insert ____
Bipennate – fascicles insert into ____
Multipennate – fascicles insert into _____
Definition
Types of fascicle arrangement
Pennate
Unipennate – fascicles insert into one side of the tendon
Bipennate – fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides
Multipennate – fascicles insert into one large tendon from all sides
Term
Circular – fascicles are arranged in __
Surround external ____
Sphincter – general name for a circular muscle
Examples – ________,______
Definition
Circular – fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
Surround external body openings
Sphincter – general name for a circular muscle
Examples – orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi
Term
Muscles with opposite actions lie on opposite sides of a ______
Definition
Muscles with opposite actions lie on opposite sides of a joint
Term
Prime mover (____) – has major responsibility for a certain movement
Definition
Prime mover (agonist) – has major responsibility for a certain movement
Term
______ – opposes or reverses a movement
Definition
Antagonist – opposes or reverses a movement
Term
_____ – helps the prime mover
By adding _____
By reducing _____
_____ – a type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place
Definition
Synergist – helps the prime mover
By adding extra force
By reducing undesirable movements
Fixator – a type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place
Term
Naming the Skeletal Muscles
Location of attachments – name reveals point of origin and insertion
Example – brachioradialis
Origin is always named _____
Definition
Naming the Skeletal Muscles
Location of attachments – name reveals point of origin and insertion
Example – brachioradialis
Origin is always named first
Term
Number of _____ is indicated by the words biceps, triceps, and quadriceps
Definition
number of origins is indicated by the words biceps, triceps, and quadriceps
Term
Muscles develop from _____ (germ layer)
Definition
Muscles develop from mesoderm
Term
Limb muscles arise from ______
Definition
Limb muscles arise from lateral parts of nearby myotomes
Term
Muscle mass dorsal to limb bones – _____
Definition
Muscle mass dorsal to limb bones – extensors
Term
Muscle mass ventral to limb bones – ____
Definition
Muscle mass ventral to limb bones – flexors
Term
_______ tissue divides limb muscles into compartments
Definition
Dense fibrous connective tissue divides limb muscles into compartments
Term
Muscles in opposing compartments are
_____ and ____ pairs
Definition
Muscles in opposing compartments are
Agonist and antagonist pairs
Term
Each compartment is innervated by _____
Definition
Each compartment is innervated by a single nerve
Term
The upper limb has ____ and _____ compartments
Definition
The upper limb has anterior and posterior compartments
Term
Anterior arm compartment muscles
____ the shoulder or arm
____ the wrist and digits
Definition
Anterior arm compartment muscles
Flex the shoulder or arm
Flex the wrist and digits
Term
Muscle Compartments of the Thigh
Posterior compartment muscles
____ the hip and ___ the knee
Medial compartment
___ the thigh


Anterior compartment muscles
___ the hip and ____ the knee
Definition
Muscle Compartments of the Thigh
Posterior compartment muscles
Extend the hip and flex the knee
Medial compartment
Adduct the thigh

Anterior compartment muscles
Flex the hip and extend the knee
Term
Compartments of the Leg
Posterior compartment muscles
Contains digital and plantar _____
Anterior compartment muscles
Contains digital ____ and ____

Lateral compartment muscles
Plantar flex and avert the foot
Definition
Compartments of the Leg
Posterior compartment muscles
Contains digital and plantar flexors
Anterior compartment muscles
Contains digital extensors and dorsiflexors

Lateral compartment muscles
Plantar flex and avert the foot
Term
Muscles of facial expression
Lie in the ___ and ___
Thin and variable in shape
Often insert in the ___ – not on bones
Innervated by cranial nerve VII – the ___ nerve
Definition
Muscles of facial expression
Lie in the face and scalp
Thin and variable in shape
Often insert in the skin – not on bones
Innervated by cranial nerve VII – the facial nerve
Term
Four main pairs of muscles involved in mastication
Innervated by mandibular division – 
the trigeminal nerve
Prime movers of jaw closure – ____ and ____
Side-to-side movement – _____ muscles
Compression of cheeks – _____ muscles
Definition
Four main pairs of muscles involved in mastication
Innervated by mandibular division – 
the trigeminal nerve
Prime movers of jaw closure – masseter and temporalis
Side-to-side movement – pterygoid muscles
Compression of cheeks – buccinator muscles
Term
Tongue Movement
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
protracts-
retracts-
depresses-
All innervated by cranial nerve XII – the ____ nerve
Definition
Tongue Movement
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue protracts-genioglossus, retracts-styloglossus, depresses-hyoglossus
All innervated by cranial nerve XII – the hypoglossal nerve
Term
Head movement
Sternocleidomastoid - head _____
Definition
Head movement
Sternocleidomastoid - head flexion
Term
Deep muscles provide movements for breathing
External intercostal muscles
____ the ribcage
Internal intercostal muscles
May aid _____ during heavy breathing

Diaphragm – most important muscle of respiration
Flattens as it ____ – increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
Definition
Deep muscles provide movements for breathing
External intercostal muscles
Lift the ribcage
Internal intercostal muscles
May aid expiration during heavy breathing

Diaphragm – most important muscle of respiration
Flattens as it contracts – increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
Term
Lateral and anterior abdominal wall
Formed from three flat muscle sheets
External oblique-
Internal oblique-
Transversus abdominis-
Definition
Lateral and anterior abdominal wall
Formed from three flat muscle sheets
External oblique - flexes vertebra compresses ab wall, lateral flexion, trunk rotation
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis _compresses abdominal contents
Term
Rectus abdominis – inserts at linea ___
Definition
Rectus abdominis – inserts at linea alba
Term
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm)
Sheet of two muscles – both support pelvic organs
name one ____
Definition
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm)
Sheet of two muscles – both support pelvic organs
Levator ani –
Term
Muscles of the Perineum
Inferior to the muscles of the pelvic floor
Urogenital diaphragm formed from:
____ and the deep ______
Definition
Muscles of the Perineum
Inferior to the muscles of the pelvic floor
Urogenital diaphragm formed from:
Sphincter urethrae and the deep transverse perineus
Term
Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
Movements of the scapula
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Definition
Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
Movements of the scapula
Pectoralis major- prim mover of arm flexion, rotates arm medially, adducts arm against resistance
Pectoralis minor- dras scapula down and forward, or ribs up.
Serratus anterior- protacts and holds scapula against chest
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