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Chapter 11
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
178
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/08/2011

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Term
meninges
Definition
connective tissues between nerves
Term
31, limbs
Definition
the spinal cord gives rise to ___ pairs of spinal nerves.  cervical and lumbosacral enlargments give rise to the spinal nerves of the _____.
Term
shorter, L1-L2, cauda equina
Definition
the spinal cord is ___ than the vertebral column it stops at about _______. nerves from the end form the _________.
Term
periosteum of vertebral canal, dura mater
Definition
the epidural space is between the _____ and the ______
Term
arachnoid, pia
Definition
the subarachnoid space is between what two layers?
Term
epidural
Definition
the space between the periosteum of the vert canal and the dura mater
Term
subarachnoid
Definition
the space in the meninges where a spinal tap would be performed
Term
denticulate
Definition
____ ligaments and other connecting tendons keep the spinal nerves in place
Term

columns, tracts, axons

(funiculus = "slender rope", fascicle = bundle/cluster)

Definition
white matter is organized into _____ (funiculi), which are subdivided into ______ (fasciculi or pathways), which consist of bundled ascending and descending _____
Term
dorsal
Definition
___ horns contain sensory axons that synapse with interneurons, off the spinous processes
Term
ventral
Definition
____ horns contain the neuron cell bodies of somatic motor neurons.
Term
lateral
Definition
____ horns contain the neuron cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
Term
commisures
Definition
the gray and white ________ connect each half of the spinal cord
Term
axons, interneurons
Definition
the dorsal horns contain ____ that synapse with _____
Term
neuron cell bodies, somatic motor neurons
Definition
the ventral horns contain the _____ of ______
Term
neuron cell bodies, autonomic motor neurons
Definition
the lateral horns contaIN the ______ of _______
Term
connect the halves
Definition
the commisures in the spinal cord do what?
Term
ventral, dorsal
Definition
spinal nerves come from cord in rootlets, which combine to form a ___ and a ___ root
Term
dorsal, gray matter
Definition
all sensory axons come through the ____ root. they have no connection with any other neurons until they get to the ______ _____
Term
motor, sensory
Definition
the ventral root has ___ neurons? dorsal root?
Term
axons, ventral, dorsal
Definition
spinal nerves have sensory and motor ____. motor axons are in the ____ root, sensory axons are in the ____ root
Term
stereotypic, unconscious, involuntary
Definition
reflexes have what three characteristics?
Term
maintain homeostasis
Definition
the main purpose of reflexes is what?
Term
somatic, autonomic
Definition
____ reflexes would be responsible for removing the body from painful stimuli, while ____ reflexes are are responsible for maintaining blood pressure
Term
autonomic
Definition
___ reflextes are responsible for maintaining variables within their normal ranges
Term
somatic
Definition
____ reflexes would cause movement because of extenral forces.
Term
sensory receptors, sensory neurons
Definition
the first two things that happen in a reflex arc are, ______ respond to stimuli and produce action potentials in sensory neurons, and ____ ____ propagate APs to the CNS.
Term
interneurons
Definition
in a reflex arc, once the action potential reaches the CNS, _____ synapse with sensory neurons
Term
motor neurons, effector organs
Definition
in the last two steps of the reflex arc, ____ carry APs from the CNS to ______, which respond to the AP
Term
sensory receptor, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effector organs
Definition
type of receptor, neurons and organs involved in a reflex arc
Term
reflex arc, brain
Definition
a _____ is the functional unit of the nervous system. it does not involve the _____.
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
what type of tissue would be the effector organ in a somatic reflex arc?
Term
smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle
Definition
what type of effector organs would be involved in an autonomic reflex arc?
Term
dorsal, ventral
Definition
a reflex arc goes first throught the ___ root of the sp cord, then returns through the ____ root
Term
higher brain centers
Definition
______ can suppress or exaggerate reflexes
Term
both convergent and divergent
Definition
what type of neural pathways interact with reflexes?
Term
integrated
Definition
reflexes are _____ within the brain and spinal cord
Term
spinal, stretch, golgi tendon, withdrawl
Definition
a ___ reflex doesn't involve the brain. what three types of reflexes we discussed DO involve the brain?
Term
stretch, withdrawl
Definition
reflex that prevents hyperextension of a muscle. its opposite causes the removal of a body part from a painful stimulus.
Term
stretch
Definition
if a person begins to lean to one side, the receptors in the spine will act to maintain posture. what type of reflex?
Term
golgi tendon
Definition
this reflex causes skeletal muscles to relax
Term
golgi tendon
Definition
the reflex that would make you drop something too heavy
Term
withdrawl
Definition
reflex that involves activation of pain receptors
Term
endoneurium
Definition
layer of connective tissue surrounding an individual axon
Term
perineureum
Definition
tissue surrouncing a group of axons (fasicle)
Term
epineurium
Definition
structure surrounding a nerve
Term
fasicles
Definition
_____ are groups of axons bound by the perineurium
Term
nerve
Definition
a group of fasicles bound by the epineurium forms what?
Term
fascicles, nerves
Definition
groups of axons are called ______, and groups of those are called ______
Term
axons, perineurium
Definition
a fasicle is a group of _____, bound by the ______
Term
eight, twelve, five, five, one
Definition
the 31 pairs of nerves are divided into ____ cervical, ____ thoracic, ____ lumbar, _____ sacral and ____ coccygeal
Term
dermatomes
Definition
specific cutaneous region that spinal nerves serve
Term
rami
Definition
spinal nerves branch to form ____
Term
muscles, skin
Definition
the dorsal rami supply the ____ and ____ near the middle of the back
Term
dorsal
Definition
deep back muscles and the vertebral column would have nerves in the ____ rami
Term
intercostal
Definition
the ventral rami form ____ nerves, which supply the thorax and upper abdomen
Term
ventral rami, diaphragm
Definition
the ____ ____  in the thoracic region form intercostal nerves, which are important to what muscle?
Term
cervical, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Definition
four regions of ventral rami that join to form plexuses
Term
sympathetic
Definition
communicating rami supply ______ nerves
Term
ventral rami
Definition
_____ _____ join to form cervical, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal plexuses
Term
phrenic nerve
Definition
the major nerve in the cervical plexus.
Term
c1-c4
Definition
the cervical plexus nerves emerge from what vertebrae?
Term
c5 - t1
Definition
the brachial plexus emerges from what vertebrae?
Term
l1 -l4, l4 - s4, lumbosacral
Definition
the lumbar plexus emerges from what vertebrae? the sacral plexus? these two are often combined and given what name?
Term
s5 - coccygeal
Definition
the vertebrae from which the coccygeal plexus emerges
Term
brachial
Definition
axillary nerves come from which plexus?
Term
brachial
Definition
musculocutaneous and median nerves come from what plexus?
Term
lumbosacral
Definition
the obturator and common fibular nerves would arise from what plexus?
Term
neural tracts
Definition
bundles of neurons in the PNS are called ____ _____
Term
nerve tract
Definition
___ ___ connects one part of the nervous system with another
Term
ganglion
Definition
a group of nerve cell bodies is called _____?
Term
plexus
Definition
ganglia are often bundled together to form a _____.
Term
nucleus, ganglion
Definition
a collection of nerve cell bodies (soma) in the CNS is called a _____, and in the PNS is called a ______
Term
neuron, nerve
Definition
a ____ is a single excitable cell, and a ____ is composed of a group of axons
Term
PNS, CNS AND PNS
Definition
nerves are found in the _____, and neurons are found in ____?
Term
sensory, motor
Definition
two types of neurons are ____ and _____
Term
levels, plexuses
Definition
axons from different _____ of the spinal cord intermingle within ______, and give rise to nerves that have axons from more than one level of the spinal cord
Term
skeletal muscles, skin
Definition
nerves arising from plexuses are distributed to the ____ ____ throughout the body, and also supply the ____
Term
brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
Definition
the four main parts of the brain.
Term
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Definition
the brainstem consists of these three parts.
Term
brain stem
Definition
connects the spinal cord and cerebellum to the remainder of the brain
Term
ten
Definition
___ of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the spinal cord
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
most important part of the brain. it is continuous with the spinal cord and contains asceding and descending tracts
Term
medullary nuclei
Definition
_____ _____ regulate the heart, blood vessels, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, ballance coordination among other things
Term
pyramids
Definition
the _____ in the medulla oblongata are tracts controling voluntary muscle movement
Term
pons
Definition
the part of the brainstem superior to the medulla, that connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Term
ascending, descending
Definition
_____ and _____ tracts pass through the pons
Term
pontine nuclei
Definition
____ ____ regulate chewing and salivation, as well as helping medullary nuclei with other functions
Term
midbrain, corpora, substantia, red, peduncles
Definition
the ___ is superior to the pons and contains the ____ quadrigemina, the ____ nigra and the ____ nucleus, as well as cerebral ________
Term
midbrain, colliculi
Definition
corpora quadrigemina are located in the _____ of the brain stem and consist of four _____
Term
hearing, visual
Definition
in the corpora quadrigemina, two inferior colliculi are involved in ______, and two superior colliculi in ____ reflexes
Term
nigra, red
Definition
in the midbrain, the substantia ____ and the _____ nucleus help regulate body movements
Term
cerebral
Definition
_____ peduncles are the major descending motor pathway in the midbrain
Term
reticular formation
Definition
the ___ ____ consists of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem and regulates cyclic motor functions, such as breathing, walking and chewing
Term
reticular formation
Definition
breathing, walking and chewing are cyclic motor functions regulated by what part of the brainstem?
Term
reticular
Definition
the ____ activating system maintains conscousness and regulate the sleep/wake cycle
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
damage to this part of the reticular formation in the brain can result in coma
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
general anesthesia works on this part of the brain
Term
cerebellum
Definition
"fine tuning"/complex movements like piano playing are associated with this part of the brain
Term
gray matter
Definition
____ _____ forms the cortex and nuclei of the cerebellum
Term
cortex, nuclei
Definition
gray matter forms the ____ and _____ of the cerebellum
Term
white matter
Definition
the ___ ____ in the cerebellum is called the arbor vitae, and connects it to the rest of the CNS
Term
flocculonodular
Definition
the ___________ lobe in the cerebellum controls balance and eye movements
Term
cerebellum
Definition
the flocculonodular lobe, vermis and lateral hemispheres are three parts of what?
Term
vermis, hemispheres
Definition
the ____ and medial part of the lateral ______ control posture, locomotion and fine motor coordination
Term
lateral hemispheres
Definition
this part of the cerebellum is involved with complex movements
Term
diencephalon
Definition
the part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebellum
Term
thalamus
Definition
the diencephalon consists of the _____, the sub-_____, the epi-_____ and the hypo-______
Term
thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
Definition
four parts of the diencephalon
Term
thalamus, interthalamic adhesion
Definition
the ____ looks like a yo-yo, with its two lobes connected by the ____ ____
Term
integration, smell
Definition
the thalamus functions as an ______ center. all sensory input except _____ synapses in the thalamus
Term
motor activity
Definition
the thalamus interacts with other parts of the brain to control ______ activity
Term
emotions, pain
Definition
the thalamus not only interacts to control motor activity, it is also involved in ______ and _____ perception
Term
thalamus
Definition
all sensory input except for smell synapses in this part of the diencephalon
Term
subthalamus, epithalamus
Definition
the ____ is inferior to the thalamus and is involved in motor function, while the _____ is superior and posterior to the thalamus
Term
habenular, pineal
Definition
the epithalamus consists of the ____ nuclei, which influence the emotions through the sense of smell, and the ____ body, which may play a role in the onset of puberty and the sleep-wake cycle
Term
pineal body, epithalamus, diencephalon
Definition
melatonin is made in this specific part of the brain
Term
habenular nuclei
Definition
this part of the epithalamus influences emotions through the sense of smell
Term
epithalamus
Definition
two parts of this brain structure are the habenular nuclei and the pineal body
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
this part of the diencephalon is the MAIN VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER OF THE BODY AND VITALLY IMPORTANT TO OVERALL BODY HOMEOSTASIS
Term
autonomic
Definition
the hypothalamus is the control center of the _____ nervous sytem
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
the "center of homeostasis"
Term
emotional, temperature, intake, endocrine, mammilary
Definition
the hypothalamus is the center for ____ behavior, body ____ regulation, regulation of ___ and ____ intake, control of the ____ system functioning, and the ______ bodies in the hypothalamus are reflex centers for olfaction
Term
mamillary bodies
Definition
reflex centers for olfaction in the hypothalamus
Term
gyri, sulci, fissures
Definition
the cortex of the cerebrum is folded into ridges called _____ and grooves called ___ or _____
Term
longitudinal fissure
Definition
the ____ ____ divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres
Term
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
Definition
each hemisphere of the cerebrum has these five lobes
Term
central, lateral, parieto-occipital
Definition
three sulci separating the cerebral lobes are the ____, ____ and ______
Term
central, lateral, parieto-occipital
Definition
three sulci separating the cerebral lobes are the ____, ____ and ______
Term
temporal
Definition
lobe which controls smell, hearing, memory and abstract thought, and judgement
Term
frontal
Definition
_____ lobe controls motivation, agression and sense of ____
Term
parietal
Definition
lobe tha controls general senses, as well as the specialized senses of touch, pain and temperature
Term
frontal
Definition
___ lobes are involved in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood
Term
parietal
Definition
____ lobes contain major areas receiving sensory input, such as touch, pain, temperature, balance and taste
Term
temporal
Definition
____ lobes evaluate smell and hearing input, and are involved in memory, abstract thought, judgement and speech
Term
insula
Definition
the ____ is a cerebral lobe located deep within the lateral fissure, and is associated with emotions/feelings/addiction
Term
gray matter
Definition
____ ____ forms the cortex and nuclei of the cerebrum
Term
cortex, nuclei
Definition
gray matter forms the ___ and ____ of the cerebrum
Term
cerebral medulla, tracts
Definition
white matter forms the _____ _____ in the cerebrum, and consists of three types of _____
Term
association
Definition
fibers in the cerebral white matter tha connect areas of the cortex within the same hemisphere
Term
commisural
Definition
____ fibers in the cerebral white matter connect the hemispheres
Term
projection
Definition
____ fibers connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord
Term
basal nuclei
Definition
____ ____ in the cerebrum include the corpus striatum, subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra
Term
motor functions
Definition
basal nuclei in the cerebraum are important in controlling ______ ______l
Term
limbic
Definition
the ___ system in the cerebraum is involved in emotions and memory
Term
cerebral, basal, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory
Definition
the limbic system includes parts of the ____ cortex, the ____ nuclei, the ___ and ______, and the ______ cortex
Term
dura, arachnoid, pia
Definition
three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord
Term
dura mater
Definition
the ____ ____ attaches to the skull and has two layers that can separate to form folds and venous sinuses
Term
folds, venous sinuses
Definition
the dura matter has two layers that can separate to form dural ____ and dural ____ _____
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
the _____ space contains CSF that helps cushion the brain
Term
pia mater
Definition
this layer of the meninges attaches directly to the brain
Term
interventricular foramina
Definition
the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum are connected to the third ventricle in the diencephalon by the ______ ______
Term
lateral, third
Definition
the interventricular foramina, which is close to the thalamus, connects the _____ ventricles and the ____ ventricle in the diencephalon
Term
cerebral aqueduct
Definition
the third ventricle in the brain is connected to the fourth ventricle by the ____ _____
Term
third, fourth
Definition
the cerebral aqueduct connects the ___ ventricle to the ___ ventricle in the pons
Term
central canal
Definition
this part of the spinal cord is connected to the fourth ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid
Term
median, lateral
Definition
the fourth ventricle is connected to the subarachnoid space by ____ and ____ apertures
Term
pons
Definition
the median and lateral apertures are near the ___ in the brainstem and connect the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
CSF is produced from the blood in the ____ ____ of each ventricle by ependymal cells
Term
ependymal, ventricle
Definition
CSF is produced by _____ cells in the choroid plexus of each ______
Term
third, fourth, subarachnoid
Definition
CSF moves from the lateral ventricle to the ___, then the ____ ventricle. from there it enters the _______ space through three apertures
Term
granulations, dural venous
Definition
CSF leaves the subarachnoid space through arachnoid ________ and returns to the blood in the ____ _____ sinuses
Term
choroid plexus, lateral, third, fourth, subarachnoid space, dural venous
Definition
name the six areas in the path of CSF, in order of where it is produced to where it returns to the blood
Term
2, 15-20
Definition
the brain is only about ___ percent of body weight, but receives ___ to ___ percent of the blood pumped by the heart
Term
endothelial
Definition
the blood-brain barrier is formed by these cells in the capillaries in the brain
Term
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Definition
twelve pairs of cranial nerves
Term
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Definition
old optometrists & octopi travel, tripping about fantastic verdant glades & valleys
Term
olfactory
Definition
loss of smell
Term
optic
Definition
unilateral vision loss
Term
oculomotor
Definition
double vision, droopy eyelid
Term
trochlear or abducens
Definition
double vision only
Term
trigeminal
Definition
facial sensation, weak bite
Term
facial
Definition
taste in ant 2/3 tongue
Term
vestibulocochlear
Definition
hearing, balance
Term
vagus
Definition
digestive tract probs
Term
glossopharyngeal
Definition
taste posterior 1/3 tongue
Term
vagus
Definition
digestive, etc.
Term
hypoglossal
Definition
can't stick out tongue
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