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| Black meteorite in the city of Mecca that became Islam's holiest shrine. Mecca was the center of the caravan trade & a pilgrimage site b/c of this. |
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| Felt called by God to warn Arabs of being moral and to worship their Creator. Persecuted and fled to Median, where he cemented ties w/ Mecca & got bck at them. |
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| Means "a reciting." Islamic bible where Muslims believed God reveale to the prophet Muhammed. |
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| Meaning "submission." Religion founded by prophet Muhammed. |
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| Flight of Muhammed and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622. Marks beginning of the Islamic calendar. |
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| Hegira marks creation of a distinctive Islamic community. |
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| Pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are enjoined to perfom a least once in their lifetime. |
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Shahada-Muslim creed
Salat-prayer or worship
Sawm-fasting during Ramadan
Zakat-alms in proportion to one's wealth
Hajj-the pilgrimage |
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| "Struggle in path of God." Not necessarily implying violence, maybe to mean holy war in the name of Islam. |
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| Islamic prayer leader. Successor's title of the Caliphate. Means literally, "the one who stands in front to lead the ritual prayer." |
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| Commander of the faithful. Name of successors title of caliphate. |
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| "One w/ correct knowledge." Islamic scholarly elite who served a social function similar to the Christian clergy. |
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| Minorities of Muslims who trace their beliefs from the Caliph Ali, who was assassinated in 661. |
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| Followers of tradition Sunna. Inclusivist rather than exclusivist. Placed maintenance and solidarity above purist adherence. |
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| Slave soldiers who converted to Islam. Became a powerful military caste and even governed Egypt from 1250-1517. |
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| Ruled from Baghdad. Arab dominance replaced by Eastern, especially Persian, influence. Leaders of slave soldiers (mamluks) gained power. Splendid court left rich cultural legacy. |
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| Rulers who had almost complete sovereignty over a certain domain w/o claiming title Caliph. Even Caliph & descendents were puppets. |
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