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Chapter 11
Fundamentals of the Nervous System
59
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/08/2008

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Term
Sensory Neuron
Definition
Conducts nerve impulses from receptors in peripheral body parts into the CNS. Mostly multi-polar, some bipolar
Term
IPSP
Definition
inhibitory postsynaptic potential. A graded potential in a postsynaptic neuron that inhibits action, usually hyper-polarizing
Term
Salutatory Conduction
Definition
propagation of action potential along myelinated fiber is from internode to node
Term
Glycine
Definition
Generally inhibitory, CNS
Term
Endorphins
Definition
Generally inhibitory, CNS
Term
Axon
Definition
Propagates nerve impulses from initial segment to axon terminals
Term
Somatostain
Definition
Generally Inhibitory, CNS
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Star-shaped cells with many processes. Participates in the metabolism of neurotransmitters and maintaining potassium balance. Provides a link between neurons and blood vessles.
Term
EPSP
Definition
Excitatory postynaptic potentials, depolarizing graded potential in a postsynaptic neuron.
Term
Interneuron
Definition
transmits nerve impulses between neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Multipolar
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
Excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type. Increases heart rate during stress. PNS(ganglion neurons) CNS(brain-stem)
Term
Dopamine
Definition
Affects sleep, mood, attention and learning process. Excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor site. CNS and PNS
Term
Nitric Oxide
Definition
Excitatory, CNS, PNS
Term
Acetlycholine @ skeletal muscles
Definition
Excitatory, CNS located between motor neuron and muscular cell
Term
Acetylcholine @ visceral effectors
Definition
excitatory or inhibitory PNS. Located between neuron and muscular cell
Term
Cholecystokinin CCK
Definition
possible neurotransmitter found in cerebral cortex and small intestine
Term
Tachykinins: Substance A & Neurokinin A
Definition
Excitatory CNS
Term
Serotontin
Definition
Mainly inhibitory CNS
Term
Adenosine
Definition
Inhibitory, CNS
Term
GABA
Definition
Inhibitory CNS Alcohol is the most commonly used depressant drug, and it increases the inhibitory effect of GABA
Term
ATP
Definition
Excitatory of Inhibitory depending on receptor type, CNS and PNS
Term
Carbon Monoxide
Definition
Excitatory, indirect action via secondary messengers brain and some neuro-muscular and glandular synapses
Term
Histamine
Definition
indirection action via secondary messengers. CNS
Term
Glutamate
Definition
Generally Excitatory, CNS
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
Fluid space @ a synapse. Separates pre and post synaptic axons
Term
Synaptic Delay
Definition
Time required for an impulse to cross a synapse between two neurons
Term
Multi-polar Neuron
Definition
Cell body with many nerve fibers one of which is an axon. Most common in body, and CNS
Term
Bi-polar Neuron
Definition
Cell body with a nerve fiber arising from each end. Located in specialized sensory organs(parts of eyes, nose, mouth and ears) Very rare
Term
Ependymal Cells
Definition
Assists in circulation of CSF in these areas. Acts as a barrier separating cavity and tissue
Term
Sensory Neuron
Definition
Conducts nerve impulses from receptors in peripheral body parts into the CNS. Most unipolar, some bipolar
Term
Axon Hilock
Definition
integrates EPSP and IPSP. Initiates nerve impulse
Term
Sympathetic Division
Definition
Mobilizes body systems during activity. Flight, fight, or fright response
Term
Parasympathetic Division
Definition
Conserves Energy, promotes house keeping functions during rest, non-emergency
Term
Axon Terminals
Definition
Triggers neurotransmitter release by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
Term
Motor Neuron
Definition
Conducts nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord out to effectors(muscles or glands) Multi-polar
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Receive stimuli, produce excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
Term
Sensory/Afferent Division
Definition
Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers. Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Term
Motor/Efferent Division
Definition
Motor nerve fibers, conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors(muscles and glands)
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Consists of brain and spinal cord. Contains integrative and control centers
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
Somatic Motor (voluntary) conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Visceral Motor(involuntary) conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands. Cannot be controlled.
Term
Synapse: Neurotransmitter is Released
Definition
2. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and neurotransmitter is relased into the synapse Ca 2+ is removed my the mitochondria or by a Ca 2+ pump.
Term
Synapse: Calcium channels open into the pre-synaptic axon terminal
Definition
1. Arrival of the depolarization wave opens voltage-gates calcium channels and allows Ca2+ influx into the axon terminal
Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition
Small membranous sacs containing neurotransmitters. Released fro pre-synaptic Axon
Term
All or None Response
Definition
A nerve impulse is conducted in an all or none response manner, whenever a stimulus of threshold of intensity is applied to a fiber
Term
Microglia
Definition
Small cells w/ few processes, functions as macrophages in the CNS
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Most common glial cells in the CNS. Smaller than astrocytes w/ few processes. Round body gives support to neurons in CNS, procudes myelin sheaths across axons or neurons in CNS. Wraps myelin sheaths around several axons
Term
Schwann Cell (Neurolemmocytes)
Definition
Flattened cells arranged around axis in PNS. Produces myelin sheaths around axons of PNS neurons. Participates in repair process after injury. Produces nerve growth factor
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
flattened calles arranged around the cell bodies of neurons in ganglia. Supports neurons in ganglia of PNS
Term
Cell Body
Definition
Receives Stimuli and produces EPSPs IPSPs
Term
Resting State
Definition
The outside face is positive while the inside face is negative. Extracellular ion is Na+, intracellular ion is K+
Term
Propagation of Action Potential
Definition
Membrane potential is pushed toward threshold voltage. Na+ permeability is significantly increased
Term
Hyper-polarization
Definition
K+ permeability continues, excessive K+ causes an undershoot. Na+ channels reset, opening the inactivation gate and closing activation gates returning to resting state
Term
Re-polarization
Definition
Decrease in Na+ permeability, Na+ channels blocked K+ channels opened, K+ permeability increases. Internal negativity of resting neuron restored
Term
Synapse: Termination of Neurotransmitter Effects
Definition
5. Neurotransmitter quickly destroyed by:
degradation of enzymes, re-uptake by astrocytes or pre-synaptic terminals, and diffusion away from the synapse
Term
Depolarization and Generation of Action Potential
Definition
voltage gated sodium channels open. Sodium ions diffuses rapidly into the cell and resting potential is decreased, through positive feedback cycle. K+ channels are closed
Term
Synapse: Ion Channels Open in the Post-synaptic Membrane
Definition
4. Binding of neutrotransmitter open ion channels in the post-synaptic membrane resulting in graded potentials in that membrane. Chemically gated ion channels are opened leading to depolarization.
Term
Synapse: Neurotransmitter binds to post synaptic membrane
Definition
3. Neurotransmitter diffues across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on the post-synaptic cleft. Is reversible, and binds to specific receptors.
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