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Chapter 1
review, body terms, etc
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/24/2012

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Term
Levels of Organization
Definition
1. Chemical level - atoms combine to form molecules
2. Cellular level - cells made of molecules
3. Tissue level - made of cell types
4. Organ level - made of tissues
5. Organ system level - consists of organs working together
6. Organismal level - made of organ systems
Term
Life Functions
Definition
1. Maintain boundaries between internal & external environments
2. Movement - of body parts/muscles
3. Responsiveness - sense & respond to stimuli (i.e breathing rate)
4. Digestion - breakdown food
5. Metabolism - chem rxns occur in body cells
6. Excretion - waste removal from 4 &5
7. Reproduction - cell division, offspring
8. Growth - increase in size of part or organism
Term
Survival Needs
Definition
1. Nutrients for energy + cell building
2. Oxygen for ATP production through energy release
3. Water - most abundant chemical in body
4. Normal body temp to control rate of chem rxns
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure for breathing/gas exchange in lungs
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
1. All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes so as to function within a normal range (blood pressure, fluid balance)
2. a dynamic state of equilibrium
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
examples: regulation of body temp by the nervous system or regulation of blood volume by the endocrine system
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. This may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
examples: control infrequent events such as enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin or platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Term
Anatomical Position
Definition
Standing body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Term
Homeostatic Imbalance
Definition
Causes increased risk of disease, changes with aging, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over (i.e. heart failure)
Term
Superior (cranial)
Definition
toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Term
Inferior (caudal)
Definition
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Term
Anterior (ventral)
Definition
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Term
Posterior (dorsal)
Definition
toward or at the back of the body; behind
Term
Medial
Definition
toward or at the midline of the body; on inner side of
Term
Lateral
Definition
away from the midline of the body; outer side of
Term
Intermediate
Definition
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Term
Proximal
Definition
closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
Distal
Definition
farther from the origin of a body part of point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
Superficial (external)
Definition
toward or at the body surface
Term
Deep (internal)
Definition
away from the body surface; more internal
Term
Two major body divisions
1. Axial
2. Appendicular
Definition
Axial - head, neck, trunk
Appendicular - limbs
Term
Plane
Definition
flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study
Term
Sagittal plane
Definition
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions
Term
Midsagittal (median) plane
Definition
specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
Term
Frontal (coronal) plane
Definition
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Term
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Definition
a plane running from right to left, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Term
Oblique section
Definition
a cut mad diagonally between the horizontal and vertical plane of the body
Term
MRI
Definition
magnetic resonance imaging produces high contrast images of soft tissues by mapping body content of hydrogen in water to produce a visual image. hydrogen molecules act as tiny magnets. *can differentiate best between tissues which means it is best for detecting tumors
Term
PET
Definition
positron emission tomography uses injection of radioisotopes to produce gamma rays and create a live action picture of brain's biochemical activity in color *best for observing metabolic processes, mental illness, stroke, alzheimers, epilepsy
Term
CT
Definition
computerized axial tomography uses lots of xrays from all directions (spinning) to create a picture *evaluate most problems in brain and abdomen
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
safest; uses sound waves that cause echoes to construct blurry outlines of organs *choice in obstetrics for babies, or for scanning from different planes; little value for looking at air filled structures or ones surrounded by bone
Term
Dorsal cavity
*subdivisions
Definition
protects nervous system
Two subdivisions:
1. cranial cavity - encases brain
2. vertebral cavity - encases spinal cord
Term
Ventral cavity
*subdivisions
Definition
houses internal organs (viscera)
Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
1. Thoracic cavity - contains heart and lungs
2. Abdominopelvic cavity - contains digestive viscera urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
Term
Two subdivisions of thoracic cavity:
1. Pericardial cavity
2. Mediastinum
Definition
Pericardial - encloses heart
Mediastinum - contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs
Term
Abdominal cavity
Definition
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver
Term
Pelvic cavity
Definition
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Term
Serous Membrane
Definition
Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
Term
Parietal serosa
Definition
lines internal body walls
Term
Visceral serosa
Definition
covers the internal organs
Term
Terms:
for body
Definition
pedal - foot
tarsal - ankle
digital - fingers/toes
femoral - thigh
brachial - arm
sural - calf
lumbar - back
scapular - shoulder blade
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