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Chapter 1
A&P 1
128
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/02/2012

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Term
anatomy
Definition
study of structure and shape of the body, its parts and their relationships to one another
Term
physiology
Definition
study of how the body and its parts work or function
Term
atoms
Definition
simplest level of the body's structural ladder; combine to form molecules
Term
cells
Definition
composed of molecules, the smallest units of living things; varying functions, sizes, and shapes
Term
tissues
Definition
consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function (4 types: epithelial, connective, muscular, neural)
Term
organ
Definition
structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Term
organ system
Definition
a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Term
organism
Definition
highest level of structural organization; sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
Term
integumentary system
Definition
external covering of body, the skin; waterproofs body, cushions and protects deeper tissues, excretes salts and urea, regulates body temperature, senses pain, pressure, and temperature
Term
skeletal system
Definition
bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints; supports body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement, protects some major organs, hematopoisis (formation of blood cells), stores minerals
Term
muscular system
Definition
consists of skeletal muscles which contract to cause movement
Term
nervous system
Definition
body's fast-acting control system; consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; nerve impulses react to stimuli and send information to CNS
Term
endocrine system
Definition
controls body's activities through the spread of blood-bourne hormones; includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other substances to and from tissues; consists of heart and blood vessels
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
consists of lymphatic vessels (return leaked fluids from blood back to the blood vessels), lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs (spleen and tonsils) which help cleanse the blood and house immune cells
Term
respiratory system
Definition
keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; includes nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Term
digestive system
Definition
tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, liver, salivary glands, pancreas, etc.) which break down food and deliver products to the blood for dispersal throughout the body and expells undigested food, reclaims water, breaks down fats, delivers enzymes for the metabolization of food
Term
urinary system
Definition
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; removes nitrogen waste from the body in urine and maintains the electrolyte balance of the body
Term
reproductive system
Definition
allows the body to produce offspring; males: testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system; females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
Term
movement
Definition
all activities promoted by the muscular system as well as the moving of blood, foodstuffs, and urine propelled by other systems
Term
responsiveness/irritability
Definition
ability to sense stimuli in the environment and then react to them; primarily associated with the nervous system
Term
digestion
Definition
process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Term
metabolism
Definition
all chemical reactions that occur within body cells; regulated by hormones
Term
excretion
Definition
process of removing wastes from the body
Term
reproduction
Definition
production of offspring on a cellular level or an organismal level
Term
growth
Definition
increase in size usually accomplished by an increase in number of cells; directed by hormones
Term
nutrients
Definition
contain the chemicals used for energy and cell building, found in food
Term
oxygen
Definition
element necessary for chemical reactions and cellular funcitons by the human body; obtained through the respiratory system and spread through the body by the cardiovascular system
Term
normal body temperature
Definition
37 degrees celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. necessary for chemical reactions to occur at the correct rate
Term
atmospheric pressure
Definition
force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air; appropriate levels determine how much oxygen can be absorbed into the body
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing
Term
receptor
Definition
sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
Term
control center
Definition
determines a set point a which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action
Term
effector
Definition
provides means for the control center's rsponse (output) to the stimulus
Term
negative feedback mechanisms
Definition
works to shut off or reduce a stimulus's intensity; most typical homeostatic control mechanism
Term
positve feedback mechanisms
Definition
rare mechanism; increase original stimulus and push the variable farther from its original value; childbirth and blood clotting are examples
Term
homeostatic imbalance
Definition
disturbance in homeostasis that is usually a disease
Term
anatomical position
Definition
standard position to identify location or relative location of a body part
Term
directional terms
Definition
terms that allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another when in anatomical position
Term
superior (cranial or cephalad)
Definition
toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Term
inferior (caudal)
Definition
away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Term
ventral (anterior)
Definition
toward the front of the body; in front of
Term
dorsal (posterior)
Definition
toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Term
intermediate
Definition
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Term
proximal
Definition
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
distal
Definition
farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
superficial (external)
Definition
toward or at the surface of the body
Term
deep (internal)
Definition
away from the body surface; more internal
Term
abdominal
Definition
anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs
Term
acromial
Definition
point of the shoulder
Term
antebrachial
Definition
forearm
Term
antecubital
Definition
anterior surface of the elbow
Term
axillary
Definition
armpit
Term
brachial
Definition
arm
Term
buccal
Definition
cheek area
Term
carpal
Definition
wrist
Term
cervical
Definition
neck region
Term
coxal
Definition
hip
Term
crural
Definition
leg
Term
deltoid
Definition
curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
Term
digital
Definition
fingers, toes
Term
femoral
Definition
thigh
Term
fibular
Definition
lateral part of leg
Term
frontal
Definition
forehead
Term
inguinal
Definition
area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
Term
mental
Definition
chin
Term
nasal
Definition
nose area
Term
oral
Definition
mouth
Term
orbital
Definition
eye area
Term
patellar
Definition
anterior knee
Term
pelvic
Definition
area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Term
pubic
Definition
genital region
Term
sternal
Definition
breastbone area
Term
tarsal
Definition
ankle region
Term
thoracic
Definition
chest
Term
umbilical
Definition
navel
Term
calcaneal
Definition
heel of foot
Term
cephalic
Definition
head
Term
femoral
Definition
thigh
Term
gluteal
Definition
buttock
Term
lumbar
Definition
area of back between the ribs and hips; the loin
Term
occipital
Definition
posterior surface of head or base of skull
Term
olecranal
Definition
posterior surface of elbow
Term
popliteal
Definition
posterior knee area
Term
sacral
Definition
area between hips
Term
scapular
Definition
shoulder blade area
Term
sural
Definition
posterior surface of leg; the calf
Term
vertebral
Definition
area of spinal column
Term
plantar
Definition
sole of the foot on the inferior surface of the body
Term
section
Definition
cut of body which reveals different angles of organs
Term
plane
Definition
when a section is made through the body wall or through an organ, it is made along this imaginary line
Term
sagittal section
Definition
cut along the lengthwise, or longitundial, plane of the body, dividing the body into right and left parts.
Term
median/midsagittal section
Definition
sagittal section which is down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size
Term
frontal/coronal section
Definition
cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts
Term
transverse section/ cross section
Definition
cut along the horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
Term
dorsal body cavity
Definition
posterior cavity which contains the continuous cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
cavity which houses the brain
Term
spinal cavity
Definition
cavity which houses the spinal cord
Term
ventral body cavity
Definition
larger, anterior body cavity which houses the structures in the chest and abdomen; subdivided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
superior cavity spearated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm; houses the lungs, heart, etc.
Term
diaphragm
Definition
dome shaped muscle which separates the thoracic cavity from the rest of the ventral cavity
Term
mediastinum
Definition
central region which spearates the lungs into right and left cavitiesin the thoracic cavity; houses the heart, trachea, and other visceral organs
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
cavity inferior to the diaphragm, the larger portion of the ventral cavity; subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
superior part of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Term
umbilical region
Definition
centermost region of the abdominopelvic cavity; deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel); contains small intestine and transverse colon of the large intestine
Term
epigastric region
Definition
superior to the umbilical region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the stomach
Term
hypogastric (pubic) region
Definition
inferior to the umbilical region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the urinary bladder
Term
right iliac (inguinal) region
Definition
lateral (right) to the hypogastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains cecum and appendix
Term
left iliac (inguinal) region
Definition
lateral (left) to the hypogastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains initial part of sigmoid colon
Term
right lumbar region
Definition
lateral (right) to the ubilical region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains ascending colon of the larg intestine
Term
left lumbar region
Definition
lateral (left) to the umbilical region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains descending colon of the large intestine
Term
right hypochondriac region
Definition
lateral (right) to the epigastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains liver and gallbladder
Term
left hypochondriac region
Definition
lateral (left) to the epigastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains part of the stomach
Term
oral and digestive cavities
Definition
mouth (teeth and tongue) and digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways
Term
orbital cavities
Definition
in skull and house the eyes, positioning them to present anterior
Term
middle ear cavities
Definition
just medial to the eardrums; contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear
Term
computed tomography (CT)
Definition
refined version of an x ray which produces thin sections of internal organs
Term
dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)
Definition
provides 3D images of body organs from any angle
Term
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Definition
provides an unobstructed view of diseased blood vessels by combining images of plain blood vessels with images of blood vessels injected with contrast and subtracting the differences
Term
positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
observes metabolic processes by injections of short-lived radioisotopes and observing the rate at which they are absorbed and produce gamma radiation
Term
ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography)
Definition
using sound waves to create images of internal organs; most often used for abodominal observation and fetal identification
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
uses powerful magnetic fields to look at tissues by targeting hydrogen molecules
Term
magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
Definition
maps distribution of elements other than hydrogen to reveal more about how disease changes body chemistry
Term
functional MRI (fMRI)
Definition
allows tracking of blood flow into the brain in real time by using magnetism
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