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| rise to a position of power |
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| a large dry grass-covered plain |
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| strong leader of the Mongols that conquered rival tribes and united the Mongols under his rule by 1206 |
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| a device used to hurl heavy rocks |
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| Genghis Khan's grandson who gained control of all of China in 1279 |
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| the first European to visit China and write about his travels |
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| founder of the Ming dynasty who revived COnfucian values and the merit system. Was considered as a despot |
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| disloyal actions against the state |
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| son of Hongwu, also ruled with absolute power. he ordered parts of the Great Wall rebuilt to strengthen China's norther defenses |
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| a country that pays tribute in money or goods to a more powerful nation |
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| a custom that required touching the ground with one's forehead as a sign of respect |
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| a court official that lead maritime expeditions meant to demonstrate Chinese power and to win more tributary states |
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| a large round-bottomed pan |
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| used to pull a load, such as a wagon or plow |
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