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Chapter 10
Muscle tissues
48
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/09/2014

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Term
Atrophy
Definition
Inability to move

Caused by disability
Term
Tendon
Definition
Connects muscle to bone
Term
Fascia
Definition
Fibrous CT outside the whole muscle

Holds muscle of similar function together (abs)
Term
Epimysum
Definition
Surrounds muscle under the fascia
Term
Fascicle
Definition
Groups of skeletal muscle fibers (10-100)
Term
Perimysum
Definition
Surrounds fasicles
Term
Endomysum
Definition
Surrounds muscle fibers
Term
Epicranial aponeurosis
Definition
Joins the frontalis and occipitalis muscles to form the occipitofrontalis

(Think of Fusion cards)
Term
Neuromuscular junction
Definition
A neurotransmitter (ACh) signals motor neurons to stimulate movement
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

On the outside holding the sarcoplasm
Term
Motor and plate
Definition
Folded part of sarcolemma where the motor neuron ends
Term
The role of sodium
Definition
Initiates action potential as an electrolyte
Term
The role of acetylcholine
Definition
Crosses the synaptic cleft for muscle stimulation as a neurotransmitter

Breaks down into acetic acid and choline
Term
If acetylcholine never broke down, what would happen?
Definition
The muscle would keep contracting
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
Sits under the sarcolemma

Contains a lot of glycogen for the formation of ATP
Term
T-tubules
Definition
Tubes connecting the sarcolemma to the inside of the cell
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Network of tubules holding Calcium

Continuously pumping Ca out of the sarcoplasm and storing it
Term
Triad
Definition
T-Tubule with sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side

Allows the signal to be transmitted to the muscle for contraction
Term
Myofibril
Definition
Contraction proteins

Spans the entire length of the muscle fiber

1000s per muscle fiber
Term
Myofilaments
Definition
Make up myofibrils
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
Where muscle contraction occurs

Specific segment of a myofibril

Basic functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber
Term
Z disc
Definition
Plate where thin filaments anchor

Middle of all the thin filaments

Sarcomeres are in between each Z disc
Term
M line
Definition
Middle of all the thick filaments
Term
A band
Definition
Entire length of the thick filaments

Never changes size, even during muscle contraction
Term
H zone
Definition
Length of thick filaments when they are not overlapped by the thin filaments

Gets smaller when the muscle contracts

Does not overlap thin filaments
Term
I band
Definition
Length of thin filaments that are not overlapped by the thick filaments

Also gets smaller when the muscle contracts

Does not overlap thick filaments
Term
Contractile proteins
Definition
Generate force during contraction
Term
Regulatory proteins
Definition
Turn the contraction on or off

Cover the active sites of actin when it is at rest so that myosin cannot attach
Term
Structural proteins
Definition
Keep the contractile proteins in proper alignment
Term
Actin
Definition
Made of thin filaments

Resembles a "string of pearls"
Term
Myosin
Definition
Made of thick filaments

Resembles a cluster of "golf clubs"
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
Covers the active sites

Long protein
Term
Troponin
Definition
Holds tropomyosin in place

Small protein
Term
Titin
Definition
Makes the myofibril stretchy

Extends from the Z-discs
Term
Muscle contraction occurs when ______ filaments slide over ______ filaments
Definition
Thin

Thick

*The sarcomere shortens*
Term
Cross bridge
Definition
When myosin binds to actin
Term
Rigor mortis
Definition
Stiffness after death caused by a lack of ATP binding on actin for it to let go of myosin

Lasts roughly 10-12 hours
Term
Power-Stroke
Definition
When myosin cross-bridges rotate towards the center of the sarcomere
Term
Aerobic cellular respiration produces how many molecules of ATP?
Definition
36
Term
Myoglobin
Definition
Oxygen storage in muscles
Term
Motor unit
Definition
Consists of a motor neuron and every single muscle fiber it stimulates

All muscle fibers are the same type

One motor neuron can go to 4, another motor neuron can go to 1000
Term
The fewer muscle fibers supplied by an individual motor unit, the more _______ the movements can be
Definition
Precise
Term
All or none principle
Definition
Muscle fibers cannot partially contract
Term
Red muscle fibers (dark meat)
Definition
Good for anaerobic cellular respiration

Low blood supply
Term
Slow oxidative fibers
Definition
Small, least powerful

Used for endurance
Term
Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibres
Definition
Intermediate size

Used for walking
Term
White muscle fibres (white meat)
Definition
High myoglobin

High mitochondria

High blood supply
Term
Fast glycolytic fibres
Definition
Large, most powerful fiber type

Used for sprinting and other intense aerobic activity
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