Term
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Definition
Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages
Significance: -provided food and goods to landlords
-lived on estates; provided with protection from landlord
Analyze: -system originated in later Roman empire and strengthened by decline
-serfs needed landlords and vice-versa |
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Term
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Definition
Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; technological innovation of medieval agricultural system
Significance: -technological innovation for agriculture
-churned soil more efficiently
-led to three-field system
Analyze: -made better soil, but still limited agricultural production (hence, three-field system) |
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Term
Page 223
three-field system |
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Definition
system of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow
Significance: -used two-thirds of a three part field
-allowed one-third of field to regain fertility
Analyze: -farmers/serfs needed better innovations for agriculture, even after the introduction of the moldboard |
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Term
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Definition
Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed est. of Frankish kingdom
Significance: -converted Franks to Christianity
-had dominion over Franks
Analyze: -uniqueness of Christianity gave him dominance over Pagan leaders, leading to his ultimate ruling |
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Term
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Definition
Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century
Significance: -rulers of Franks
-predecessors to Charles Martel
Analyze: -inherited kingdom, thus inherited rule |
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Term
page 223
Charles Martel
(686-741) |
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Definition
Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe
Significance: -stopped Muslims from invading western Europe
Analyze: -Arab exhaustion and overextended invasion force |
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Term
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Definition
Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who est. substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800
Significance: -est. empire in France and Germany
-helped restore church-based education, and in the long run, intellectual activity altogether
Analyze: -inheritance of wealth and power allowed him to have great influence for a period of time |
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Term
Page 225
Holy Roman Emperors |
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Definition
Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany
Significance: -merged Christian and classical claims
-first monarchy to arise after fall of Charlemagne's empire
Analyze: -focused more on claims than actually building strong regional foundations |
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Term
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Definition
members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty
Significance: -example of early feudalism in Europe
-inhibited development of strong central states
Analyze: -good economic system
-like serfs and landlords, vassals needed their lords for sustenance |
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Term
page 226
William the Conqueror |
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Definition
Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; est. administrative system based on sheriffs; est. centralized monarchy
Significance: -extended tight feudal system
-used sheriffs to supervise
-introduced more centralized approach to feudalism
Analyze: -he desired power, money, influence, strength (like all rulers) |
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Term
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Definition
Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
Significance: -cleared up rules about feudal principles
-drew out requirements between feudal aristocrats and rulers
Analyze: -the King issued it, so people had to follow it! |
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Term
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Definition
bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France
Significance: -represented church, nobles, and urban leaders
-members could advise king on policy issues and taxation
Analyze: -necessary to get word of people (upper class) to king |
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Term
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Definition
Three social groups considered the most powerful in Western countries: church, nobles, and urban leaders
Significance: -only members of early parliament
Analyze: -money = power = influence in government |
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Term
page 227
Hundred Years War |
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Definition
Conflict between England and France from 1337-1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states
Significance: -war between feudal rights and national state claims, as well as territory
Analyze: -war still seen a key purpose of expansion and eventual centralization |
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Term
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Definition
Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims
Significance: -called First Crusade; introduced knights to middle eastern/Arabian culture
-would lead to temporary control over Jerusalem
Analyze: -expansionist movement
-promise of eternal peace and earthly spoils appealed to Christians and all knights alike |
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Term
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Definition
Pope during 11th century who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture
Significance: -tried to free church from feudal lords and state control
Analyze: -stressed holy character of priests and celibacy |
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Term
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Definition
Practice of state appt. of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
Significance:-allowed state appt. of bishops
-led to war between Gregory VII and Henry IV
Analyze: -strong division between church and state
-church members thought church was superior to state |
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Term
page 232
Peter Abelard
(1079-1142) |
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Definition
Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine
Significance: -starter of logical-rationalist approach to religion
-received criticism from church; even viewed as heretic
Analyze: -church did not want authority or beliefs to be questioned
-revival of intellect |
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Term
page 232
Bernard of Clairvaux
(1090-1153) |
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Definition
Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from universities
Significance: -successfully challenged Abelard
-rejected logical ideology of religion
Analyze: -stressed importance of mystical union with God |
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Term
Page 233
Thomas Aquinas
(1225-1274) |
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Definition
Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God
Significance: -combined reason and religion
Analyze: -believed that philosophy was applicable to religion and learning more about God |
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Term
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Definition
Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools/universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems
Significance: -at its height, it demonstrated an unusual confidence in the logical orderliness of knowledge and in human ability to know
Analyze: -Aquinas inspired much of the scholastic approach and philosophy of era |
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Term
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Definition
An architectural style developed the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls
Significance: -focused on creating churches and cathedrals
-buildings and palaces picked up style
-represents growing means of artistic expression
Analyze: -growing technical skills, larger economy, bigger religious base of population |
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Term
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Definition
Organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
Significance: -established commercial alliance and trade between nthrn. Germany and sthrn. Scandinavia
-inspired growth of banking and trade
Analyze: -desire for growth of economy and more income led to commercial alliance |
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Term
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Definition
Sword associations of people in the same business/craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regular apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often est. franchise within cities
Significance: -attempted to give all members equal reward; stressed egalitarianism and good workmanship
Analyze: -workers needed money for their goods, rich people needed those goods |
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Term
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Definition
Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure
Significance: -drastically reduced population
-disrupted social structure
Analyze: -death of more people means higher tensions between landlords and peasants, artisans and their employees, etc. |
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