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Chapter 10
muscles
45
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/27/2011

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Term
Skeletal muscle
Makes up nearly ___ the body’s mass
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Makes up nearly half the body’s mass
Term
Functions of muscle tissue
Definition
Functions of muscle tissue
Movement
Smooth muscle – squeezes fluids and other substances through hollow organs
Maintenance of posture –
Joint stabilization
Heat generation – muscle contractions produce heat
Term
skeletal
Functional features (4)
Definition
Functional features
Contractility – long cells shorten and generate pulling force
Excitability – electrical nerve impulse stimulates the muscle cell to contract
Extensibility – can be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle
Elasticity – can recoil after being stretched
Term
Skeletal muscle tissue – packaged into skeletal muscles
Makes up __ of body weight
Definition
Skeletal muscle tissue – packaged into skeletal muscles
Makes up 40% of body weight
Term
Cells of skeletal and smooth muscles (not cardiac) are known as ___ because they are highly elongated
Definition
Cells of skeletal and smooth muscles (not cardiac) are known as fibers because they are highly elongated
Term
skeletal
Muscle contraction depends on two types of myofilaments: ____
Definition
Muscle contraction depends on two types of myofilaments
Actin
Myosin
Term
skeletal
Plasma membrane is called a _____
Cytoplasm is called _____
Definition
Plasma membrane is called a sarcolemma
Cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm
Term
skeletal
Each muscle is an organ
Consists mostly of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle also contains: (3)
Definition
Each muscle is an organ
Consists mostly of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle also contains
Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
Term
Connective tissue sheaths bind a skeletal muscle and its fibers together
___ – dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
____ – surrounds each fascicle 
(group of muscle fibers)
____ – a fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell
Definition
Connective tissue sheaths bind a skeletal muscle and its fibers together
Epimysium – dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
Perimysium – surrounds each fascicle 
(group of muscle fibers)
Endomysium – a fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell
Term
skeletal
Connective tissue sheaths are ___ with tendons
Definition
Connective tissue sheaths are continuous with tendons
Term
Each skeletal muscle supplied by
__ nerve
__ arter
__ veins
Definition
Each skeletal muscle supplied by
One nerve
One artery
One or more veins
Term
skeletal
Each ___ has a neuromuscular junction
Definition
Each muscle fiber has a neuromuscular junction
Term
skeletal
Nerves and vessels ____ repeatedly
Definition
Nerves and vessels branch repeatedly
Term
skeletal
Smallest nerve branches serve ____
Definition
Smallest nerve branches serve individual muscle fibers
Term
skeletal
Neuromuscular junction – signals ____
Definition
Neuromuscular junction – signals the muscle to contract
Term
Origin – __ movable attachment
Insertion – ___ movable attachment
Definition
Origin – less movable attachment
Insertion – more movable attachment
Term
The insertion _______ the origin
Definition
The insertion is pulled towards the origin
Term
Many muscles span two or more joints - ____ or - ____ muscles
Definition
Many muscles span two or more joints - biarticular or - multijoint muscles
Term
Muscles attach to origins and insertions by ______
Definition
Muscles attach to origins and insertions by connective tissue
Term
skeletal
Fleshy attachments – connective tissue fibers are ____
Definition
Fleshy attachments – connective tissue fibers are short
Term
Indirect attachments – connective tissue forms cord-like ___ or flat-sheet like ____.
Definition
Indirect attachments – connective tissue forms a tendon or aponeurosis
Term
skeletal
Are huge cells – diameter is _____
Length – _________
Definition
Are huge cells – diameter is 10-100µm
Length – several centimeters to dozens of centimeters
Term
skeletal
Striations result from internal structure of _____
Definition
Striations result from internal structure of myofibrils
Term
skeletal
Myofibrils – long rods within ______
Make up __% of the cytoplasm
Like a specialized ___ organelle found in muscle tissue
A long row of repeating segments called ____ = functional unit of skeletal muscle
Definition
Myofibrils – long rods within cytoplasm
Make up 80% of the cytoplasm
Like a specialized contractile organelle found in muscle tissue
A long row of repeating segments called sarcomeres = functional unit of skeletal muscle
Term
skeletal
A muscle cell may contain ____ sarcomeres. The myofibril in smooth muscles are not arranged in sarcomeres.
Definition
A muscle cell may contain 100,000 sarcomeres. The myofibril in smooth muscles are not arranged in sarcomeres.
Term
Z disc (Z line) –
Definition
Z disc (Z line) – boundaries of each sarcomere
Term
Thin (___) filaments – extend from Z disc toward the center of the sarcomere
Definition
Thin (actin) filaments – extend from Z disc toward the center of the sarcomere
Term
Thick (______) filaments – located in the center of the sarcomere
Definition
Thick (myosin) filaments – located in the center of the sarcomere
Term
Titin – a ____-like molecule in sarcomeres
Resists over____
Holds ___ filaments in place
Unfolds when muscle is _____
Definition
Titin – a spring-like molecule in sarcomeres
Resists overstretching
Holds thick filaments in place
Unfolds when muscle is stretched
Term
skeletal
______ – a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Contains _____ ions – released when muscle is stimulated to contract
Calcium ions diffuse through cytoplasm
Trigger the sliding _______
Definition
Sarcoplasmic reticulum – a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Contains calcium ions – released when muscle is stimulated to contract
Calcium ions diffuse through cytoplasm
Trigger the sliding filament mechanism
Term
skeletal
Muscle contraction
Ultimately controlled by ___-generated impulse
Impulse travels along the ____ of the muscle cell
Impulses further conducted by ___ – a deep invagination of the ____
Definition
Muscle contraction
Ultimately controlled by nerve-generated impulse
Impulse travels along the sarcolemma of the muscle cell
Impulses further conducted by t tubules
T tubule – a deep invagination of the sarcolemma
Term
Skeletal muscle fibers are categorized according to:
How they manufacture ____
How quickly they _____
Definition
Skeletal muscle fibers are categorized according to:
How they manufacture energy (ATP)
How quickly they contract
Term
Skeletal muscle fibers are divided into three classes:
_____ fibers (Type I)
Red slow twitch
______ (Type IIx)
White fast twitch
_____ (Type IIa)
Intermediary fibers
Definition
Skeletal muscle fibers are divided into three classes:
Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)
Red slow twitch
Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIx)
White fast twitch
Fast oxidative fibers (Type IIa)
Intermediary fibers
Term
Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)
__ color due to abundant _____
Obtain energy from ___ metabolic reactions
Contain a large number of _____
Richly supplied with capillaries
Contract slowly and resistant to fatigue
Fibers are small in diameter
Definition
Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)
Red color due to abundant myoglobin
Obtain energy from aerobic metabolic reactions
Contain a large number of mitochondria
Term
Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIx)
Contain little ___ and few ____
About twice the diameter of ____ fibers
Contain more myofilaments and generate more power
Depend on ___ pathways
Contract ___ and tire ___
Definition
Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIx)
Contain little myoglobin and few mitochondria
About twice the diameter of slow-oxidative fibers
Contain more myofilaments and generate more power
Depend on anaerobic pathways
Contract rapidly and tire quickly
Term
Fast oxidative fibers (Type IIa)
Have an intermediate _____
Contract ___ like fast glycolytic fibers
Are ____-dependent
Have high ____ content and rich supply of ____
Somewhat _____-resistant
More powerful than ___ oxidative fibers
Definition
Fast oxidative fibers (Type IIa)
Have an intermediate diameter
Contract quickly like fast glycolytic fibers
Are oxygen-dependent
Have high myoglobin content and rich supply of capillaries
Somewhat fatigue-resistant
More powerful than slow oxidative fibers
Term
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Occurs exclusively in heart wall
Forms a thick layer called ______
Definition
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Occurs exclusively in heart wall
Forms a thick layer called myocardium
Term
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Single cells – not ___ like skeletal muscle
Separated by delicate ____
Cells are ____
Join at ____ discs – complex junctions
Form cellular networks
Each cell contains one centrally-located nuclei
Definition
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Single cells – not fused colonies like skeletal muscle
Separated by delicate endomysium
Cells are branched
Join at intercalated discs – complex junctions
Form cellular networks
Each cell contains one centrally-located nuclei
Term
Triggered to contract by Ca2+ entering the _____
1.Signals _____ to release Ca2+ ions
2.Ions diffuse into ____
*Trigger sliding filament mechanism
Definition
Triggered to contract by Ca2+ entering the sarcoplasm
1.Signals sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+ ions
2.Ions diffuse into sarcomeres
*Trigger sliding filament mechanism
Term
Not all cardiac cells are _______
Definition
Not all cardiac cells are innervated
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Found in the walls of _____ organs
Six major locations:
Definition
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Found in the walls of visceral organs
Six major locations
Walls of circulatory vessels
Respiratory tubes
Digestive tubes
Urinary organs
Reproductive organs
Inside the eye
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Separated by ______
Grouped into sheets in walls of hollow organs
_____ layer – muscle fibers run parallel to organ’s long axis
____ layer – muscle fibers run around circumference of the organ
Both layers participate in ______
Definition
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cells are spindle-shaped
Contain one centrally located nucleus
Separated by endomysium
Grouped into sheets in walls of hollow organs
Longitudinal layer – muscle fibers run parallel to organ’s long axis
Circular layer – muscle fibers run around circumference of the organ
Both layers participate in peristalsis
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cells are non-striated and contain no ____
___ and ___ filaments are present
Entry of ___ into the ____ signals contraction of the smooth muscle fiber
____ – tiny infoldings of the sarcolemma
Definition
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cells are non-striated and contain no sarcomeres
Thin and thick filaments are present
Entry of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm signals contraction of the smooth muscle fiber
Caveolae – tiny infoldings of the sarcolemma
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Contraction is ___ and ____
Takes __ times longer to contract than skeletal muscle fiber
Maintains ____ force for a long time
Definition
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Contraction is slow and sustained
Takes 30 times longer to contract than skeletal muscle fiber
Maintains contractile force for a long time
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Is innervated by ____ nervous system
Only a few smooth muscle fibers are ____ in each sheet
Impulse spreads through ____
Whole sheet contracts as a unit
Exceptions – __ of the eye and ___ muscles
Definition
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Is innervated by autonomic nervous system
Only a few smooth muscle fibers are innervated in each sheet
Impulse spreads through gap junctions
Whole sheet contracts as a unit
Exceptions – iris of the eye and arrector pili muscles
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