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Chapter 10
Functional Organizations of Nervous Tissue
149
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/08/2011

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Term
sensory, integration, muscles, glands, homeostasis, mental
Definition
five functions of the nervous system are: controls _____ input, _______ (of input), control of ___- and ____, regulating other systems via _______, and a center for ______ activities.
Term
controlling, communicating
Definition
the nervous system is the master ______ and _______ system of the body
Term
brain, spinal cord
Definition
the central nervous system consists of the ____ and _______
Term
peripheral
Definition
the _____ nervous system is nervous tissue outisde the CNS
Term
peripheral
Definition
the ______ nervous system consists of sensory receptors and nerves, and the ______ system is encased in bone
Term
detects transmits receives
Definition
the PNS ______ stimuli and _____ information to the CNS, and _____ information from the CNS
Term
processes, integrates, stores, responds
Definition
the CNS _____, _____, _____ and ______ info from the PNS
Term
12, 31
Definition
there are ___ sets of cranial nerves and ___ sets of spinal nerves
Term
sensory, motor
Definition
two divisions of the PNS
Term
sensory
Definition
the ____ division of the PNS transmits APs from sensory receptors to the CNS
Term
motor
Definition
the ____ division of the PNS carries APs away from the CNS in cranial or spinal nerves
Term
somatic, autonomic
Definition
two divisions of the PNS motor division
Term
sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
Definition
three divisions of the PNS's Motor-Autonomic division
Term
somatic, motor
Definition
the ____ system in the ____ division of the PNS innervates skeletal muscle
Term
autonomic, motor
Definition
the ______ nervous system in the ______ division of the PNS innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Term
sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
Definition
three parts of the ANS of the motor division
Term
sympathetic
Definition
this division of the ANS is most active during physical activity
Term
sympathetic
Definition
this division can be thought of as the "fight or flight" division of the ANS
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
this division of the ANS regulates resting functions ("rest & digest")
Term
enteric
Definition
the ____ nervous system controls the digestive system
Term
cardiac, smooth, glands
Definition
the ANS of the Motor Division of the PNS innvervates _____ muscle, _____ muscle, and ______
Term
neurons, glial, 20
Definition
two principal cell types of the nervous system are _____ and _____ cells. the NS is less than ____ extracellular space.
Term
neurons
Definition
excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
Term
neurons, half
Definition
glial cells (non-neural cells) surround _____, and account for over ____ of the brain's weight
Term
neurons
Definition
____ receive stimuli and transmit action potentials
Term
stimuli, action potentials
Definition
neurons receive ____ and transmit _____
Term
cell body, dendrites, axon
Definition
neurons have what three main components?
Term
cell body, soma
Definition
the _____, aka the ____, is a neuron's primary site of protein synthesis
Term
cytoplasmic, toward
Definition
dendrites are short, branched _______ extensions of the cell body that usually conduct electrical signals _____ the cell body
Term
axon
Definition
a cytoplasmic extension of the cell body that transmits action potentials to other cells
Term
nucleus, nucleolus
Definition
a neuron's cell body contains what two main structures?
Term
nissl, protein synthesis
Definition
____ substance is an aggregate of rough ER and free ribosomes in the neuron's cell body. it is the primary site of ______.
Term
rough ER, free ribosomes
Definition
nissl substance is an aggregate of what two organelles?
Term
golgi apparatus, mitochondria
Definition
list two organelles besides nissl substance and ER that exist in the neuronal soma
Term
nuclei, ganglia
Definition
clusters of cell bodies in teh CNS are called _____, and in the PNS are called ______
Term
centrioles
Definition
a neuron has no _____, hence its amitotic nature
Term
clusters, CNS, PNS
Definition
nuclei are ____ of cell bodies in the ____ nervous system, and ganglia are clusters of cell bodies in the PNS
Term
axons
Definition
nerve fibers are called _____
Term
trigger zone
Definition
the ____ is the part of the neuron where the axon originates
Term
trigger zone, axon
Definition
APs are generated in the _______, which is the part of the neuron where the ____ originates
Term
uniform, mm, meter
Definition
axons are slender processes of _____ diameter and range in length from a few ___ to more than a _____
Term
unbranched, branch
Definition
usually there is only one _____ axon per neuron. collateral axons are axons that ______
Term
presynaptic terminal
Definition
the branched terminus of an axon is called what?
Term
terminus, axon
Definition
the presynaptic terminal is the branched ____ of an _____
Term
synapse
Definition
junction between a nerve cell and another cell
Term
nerve tracts, nerves
Definition
bundles of processes/axons/fibers are called _____ _____ in the CNS and _____ in the PNS
Term
multipolar, interneurons, motor
Definition
____ neurons have several dendrites and a single axon. ____ and _____ neurons are multipolar
Term
multipolar
Definition
interneurons have what structure?
Term
bipolar, sensory
Definition
_____ neurons have a single axon and dendrite. they are usually components of ____ organs
Term
multipolar
Definition
motor neurons have what structure?
Term
bipolar
Definition
neuronal components of sensory organs have what structure?
Term
unipolar, sensory
Definition
____ neurons have a single axon. most _____ neurons are this structure
Term
multipolar
Definition
the most common/likely structure for a neuron is what?
Term
unipolar
Definition
in a ____ neuron, the axon branches function as a single axon
Term
unipolar
Definition
most sensory neurons are what type?
Term
bipolar
Definition
sensory organs have what type of neuron?
Term
scaffolding, segregate, guide,
Definition
Term
scaffolding, segregate, guide, growth
Definition
glial cells provide a supportive ______ for neurons, insulate and ______ neurons, ____ young neurons to the proper connections, and promote health and _____
Term
astrocytes, microglial, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
Definition
four types of glial cells in the CNS
Term
satellite, schwann
Definition
two types of glial cells in the PNS
Term
astrocytes
Definition
the most abundant, versatile and highly branched type of glial cells in the CNS
Term
blood-brain barrier
Definition
the major purpose of astrocytes is?
Term
astrocytes
Definition
what type of glial cell of the CNS covers capillaries?
Term
astrocytes
Definition
what type of CNS glial cell covers capillaries?
Term
potassium, neurotransmitters
Definition
CNS astrocytes mop up leaked ____ ions and recycle ______
Term
astrocytes
Definition
CNS glial cells that isolate damaged tissue
Term
ependymal
Definition
CNS glial cells that range in shape from squamous to columnar and are often ciliated
Term
choroid plexuses, cilia
Definition
specialized ependymal CNS glial cells that produce CSF are called ____ ____. they help circulate CSF with _____.
Term
ventricles, central canal
Definition
ependymal cells line the ____ of the brain and the ____ _____ of the spinal cord
Term
microglia
Definition
CNS glial cells that monitor health of neurons and phagocyze damaged tissue
Term
ovoid, spiny
Definition
microglia are small, _____-shaped cells with _____ processes
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
CNS glial cell that forms myelin sheaths areound the axons of several CNS neurons
Term
many
Definition
oligodendrocytes usually have a ____ to one ratio with CNS neurons
Term
one
Definition
Schwann cells usually have a ____ to one ration with their PNS neurons
Term
schwann, satellite
Definition
_____ PNS glial cells form a myelin sheath around part of the axon, and ____ support and nourish neuron cell bodies within ganglia
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
the plasma membrane of schwann cells or oligodendrocytes repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a ______ ______
Term
myelin
Definition
a whitish, fatty (protein-lipid), segmented sheath around most long axons
Term
ganglia, nerves
Definition
In the PNS, clusters of cell bodies are called _____, and bundles of axons/processes are called ______
Term
nuclei, nerve tracts
Definition
clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called _____. bundles of processes/axons are called __________
Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition
gaps in the myelin sheath of axons are called what?
Term
myelination
Definition
______ of axons causes APs to move more quickly
Term
invaginations, slowly
Definition
unmyelinated axons rest in ______ of schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS) and conduct APs _______
Term
white, gray
Definition
myelinated axons usually form ____ matter, and unmyelinated form _____ matter
Term
nerve tracts, nerves
Definition
white matter is nervous tissue that forms ______ in the CNS and _____ in the PNS
Term
neuron cell bodies, cortex, nuclei, ganglia
Definition
gray matter is collections of ____ _____ ____ of unmyelinated axons, and forms the ____ and _____ in the CNS and ______ in the PNS
Term
cortex, nuclei
Definition
gray matter forms _____ and _____ in the CNS
Term
ganglia
Definition
gray matter forms _____ in the PNS.
Term
ionic concentration, permeability
Definition
electrical properties of cells result from ______ differences across the plasma membrane, and differences in ______ characteristics of the plasma membrane
Term
Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, K+, negatively-charged proteins
Definition
The concentrations of ___, ___, and ____ are much greater outside the plasma membrane, and the concentration of _____ and _____ is much greater inside the plasma membrane
Term
synthesized, too large
Definition
negatively-charged proteins are _____ inside the cell and usually can't diffuse through the plasma membrane because of what?
Term
active, K+, Na+
Definition
the Na+-K+ pump moves ions by _____ transport. ___ ions are moved into the cell, and ____ are moved out of it
Term
leak, gated ion
Definition
permeability characteristics of the PM are determined by what two types of channels?
Term
K+, Na+, K+, Na+
Definition
____ ion leak channels are more numerous than ___ leak channels.
Term
K+, Na+
Definition
the plasma membrane is more permeable to _____ than _____ when at rest
Term
gated
Definition
____ ion channels include ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, and other gated ion channels
Term
negatively charged proteins
Definition
what type of molecules play a huge part in changing the membrane potential from inside a cell?
Term
neurotransmitter, receptor, acetylcholine
Definition
a ligand in the nervous system is also called a ______. it binds to a _____. an example is ______
Term
glycoprotein, receptor site
Definition
a receptor is a protein or _____ that has a ____ ____ to which a ligand can bind
Term
nervous, muscle, glands
Definition
ligand-gated ion channels are common in what three tissues?
Term
nervous, muscle
Definition
voltage-gated ion channels are common in what two types of tissues?
Term
physical deformation of receptors
Definition
"other" gated ion channels open and close in response to what?
Term
touch, temperature
Definition
what two types of receptors usually rely on receptors that physically deform to open ion channels?
Term
charge difference
Definition
the restine membrane potential of a cell is the ____ ____ across the plasma membrane when the cell is not being stimulated
Term
positively-charged K+
Definition
the negative charge inside the cell is mainly to what diffusing out of the cell?
Term
-70 mV, 3 Na+, 2 K+
Definition
the RMP is about ____ mV. the sodium potassium pump usually pumps out ___ ___ ions for every ____ ___ ions it pumps in.
Term
selective permeability, Na/K pumps, active transport
Definition
three things that maintain an unequal ion distribution across the plasma membrane
Term
K+, 50-100
Definition
___ tends to diffuse out of the cell because the plasma membrane is ___ - ___ times more permeable to it
Term
attract K+ and prevent additional K+ from diffusing out
Definition
an equillibrium is established when the negatively-charged ions inside the cell do what?
Term
decrease, decrease, increase, decrease
Definition
depolarization is a decrease in the RMP caused by a(n) ____ in the K+ concentration gradient inside the cell, a(n) _____ in the membrane permeability to K+, a(n) _____ in membrane permeability to Na+ or Ca+, and/or a _____ in extracellular Ca2+ concentrations
Term
summate
Definition
graded potentials can ____, or add together, until threshold is reached
Term
below threshold
Definition
anything ____ ____ is a graded potential
Term
Na+, K+, Cl-
Definition
in a GP, a stimulus causes ion channels to open, resulting in increased permeability to what three ions?
Term
Ca, Na
Definition
depolarization is usually due to what ions?
Term
K, Cl
Definition
hyperpolartization is usually due to movement of what two ions?
Term
depolarization, threshold, -55 mV
Definition
APs occur whan a graded potential causes ____ of the PM to a level called ____. this is usually a charge of ____
Term
depolartization, repolartization, afterpotential, hyperpolartization
Definition
three phases in which an AP occurs. the third phase is aka what?
Term
Na+, voltage, inside
Definition
depolartization is when ____ diffuses into the cell through ___ -gated ion channels. the _____ of the cell becomes more positive
Term
RMP, voltage, voltage
Definition
repolartization is when the MP returns toward the _____, ___-gated Na+ channels close, and _____-gated channels open for K+ to diffuse out of the cell
Term
hyperpolarization, Na+K+ pumps
Definition
during afterpotential, ______ occurs briefly but is corrected by ______ _____
Term
absolute refractory period
Definition
the only way to make sure the AP goes in only one direction is what?
Term
relative
Definition
the ___ refractory period is when a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can evoke another AP
Term
action potential frequency
Definition
the __- ____ ____ is the number of action potentials produced per unit of time in response to stimuli
Term
stimulus strengh, graded potential
Definition
the AP Frequency is directly proportional to the ___ ____ and the size of the ___ ____
Term
myelinated, large-diameter
Definition
propagation of APs occurs mostly in what type of axons?
Term
immediately adjacent, nodes of ranvier
Definition
in an unmyelinated axon, APs are generated ____ _____ to previous APs. in a myelinated axon, APs are generated at successive ___________
Term
saltatory
Definition
propagation of APs across nodes of ranvier is called ______ conduction
Term
electrical, chemical
Definition
two types of synapse
Term
electrical
Definition
____ synapses are ones in which connexons allow ionic currents to move between cells
Term
connexons, cardiac
Definition
in electrical synapses, these tubular proteins allow ionic currents to move between cells. this is common in what type of muscle?
Term
electrical
Definition
cardiac muscle and many types of smooth muscle where coordinated contractions are essential usually have what type of synapse?
Term
terminals, vesicles, membranes, receptors, cleft
Definition
chemical synapses have three components: presynaptic _____ containing synaptic _____, postsynaptic ____ containing _____ for the neurotransmitter, and the synaptic ____ space that separates them
Term
Ca+, release neurotransmitters, synaptic cleft, receptor, ligand
Definition
during a chemical synapse, APs arriving at the presynaptic terminal cause ____ channels to open. when this happens, _____ are released and flood into the ________. they then combine with the ____ sites and cause _____-gated channels to open
Term
enzyme, presynaptic terminal
Definition
chemical synapse activity is stopped in two ways: the NT is broken down by _____, and/or taken up by the ____ _____
Term
neuromodulators
Definition
substances released from neurons that can pre- or post-synaptically influence the likelihood of an AP occuring
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
Myasthenia Gravis blocks this neurotransmitter
Term
amines
Definition
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are what type of neurotransmitter? SNRIs block which one of these to treat ADD?
Term
gasses, NO
Definition
what type of neurotransmtr/mod is released from nerves and causes vasodialation? which one treats ED?
Term
neuropeptide
Definition
chain of amino acids that act as neuroxmtrs or hormones and modify actions of NTs
Term
axon terminal
Definition
neuropeptides are stored where? as larger secretory granules
Term
opioids, substance P
Definition
example of neuropeptides acting during pain. _____ signal _____
Term
excitatory postsynaptic potential, depolarizing
Definition
a _____________ is a depolarizing graded potential of the postsynaptic membrane
Term
depolarizing, postsynaptic
Definition
an EPSP is a _______ graded potential of the _____ membrane
Term
hyperpolarizing, postsynaptic
Definition
an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a ________ graded potential of the ______ membrane
Term
spatial
Definition
___ summationj occurs when two or more presynaptic terminals simultaneously stimulate a postsynaptic neuron
Term
temporal
Definition
____ summation occurs when two or more action potentials arrive in succession at a single presynaptic terminal
Term
could be a single neuron, two or more
Definition
how many neurons are required in termporal summation? spatial summation?
Term
many, few
Definition
convergent pathways have ____ neurons synapsing with ____ neurons.
Term
sensory, motor
Definition
convergent pathways usually happen with _____ neurons, and divergent pathways usually occur with _____ neurons
Term
oscillating circuits
Definition
____ _____ have collateral branches of postsynaptic neurons synapsing with presynaptic neurons.
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