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CHAPTER 10 MUSCLE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
163
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/29/2012

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Term
STUDY OF MUSCLE
Definition
MYOLOGY
Term
  1. MOVEMENT/LOCOMOTION OF BODY
  2. STABILIZE BODY POSITION/POSTURE
  3. STORAGE & MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES WITHIN BODY: URINE, LYMPH, BLOOD
  4. PRODUCE HEAT (THERMOGENESIS) THAT HELPS TO REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE
Definition
MUSCLE FUNCTIONS
Term
SUSTAINED CONTRACTIONS OF RINGLIKE BANDS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE; PREVENT OUTFLOW OF THE CONTENTS OF A HOLLOW ORGAN
Definition
SPHINCTER
Term
A PROPERTY OF MUSCLE, THE ABILITY TO RESPOND TO CERTAIN STIMULI BY GENERATING ELECTRICAL SIGNALS CALLED ACTION POTENTIALS (THIS IS ALSO A PROPERTY OF NERVES)
Definition
ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY
Term
A PROPERTY OF MUSCLE, THE ABILITY OF MUSCLE TO CONTRACT FORCEFULLY AND GENERATE TENSION WHILE PULLING ON ITS ATTACHMENT POINTS WHEN STIMULATED BY AN AP
Definition
CONTRACTILITY
Term
NO MUSCLE SHORTENING; TENSION INCREASES GREATLY WITHOUT A CHANGE IN MUSCLE LENGTH
Definition
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
Term
MUSCLE SHORTENS; MOVEMENT OCCURS AT MUSCLE ATTACHMENT POINT; TENSION REMAINS CONSTANT AS MUSCLE LENGTH DECREASES OR INCREASES
Definition
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
Term
A PROPERTY OF MUSCLE, THE ABILITY OF MUSCLE TISSUE TO STRETCH WITHIN LIMITS WITHOUT BEING DAMAGED
Definition
EXTENSIBILITY
Term
A PROPERTY OF MUSCLE, THE ABILITY OF MUSCLE TISSUE TO RETURN TO ITS ORIGINAL LENGTH AND SHAPE AFTER CONTRACTION OR EXTENSION.
Definition
ELASTICITY
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

ENTIRE MUSCLES LIKE THE BICEPS BRACHII ARE ORGANS WITH BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES & LYMPHATICS

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE IS CALLED SKELETAL BECAUSE IT MOVES MOST OF THE BONES OF THE SKELETON

Definition
TRUE
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE IS A ****; CONSISTS OF HUNDREDS OF TO THOUSANDS OF CELLS CALLED FIBERS
Definition
SYNCYTIUM
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE IS ****; GENERALLY UNDER ***** CONTROL; INNERVATION FROM ****
Definition
VOLUNTARY, CONSCIOUS, SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE IS *****; DARK & LIGHT PROTEIN BANDS CAN BE SEEN WITH A MICROSCOPE
Definition
STRIATED
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE HAS MANY NUCLEI THAT ARE ***** LOCATED WHEREAS IN CARDIAC MUSCLE THE NUCLEI ARE **** LOCATED.
Definition
PERIPHERALLY, CENTRALLY
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

SKELETAL MUSCLE HAS LONG CYLINDRICAL FIBERS WITH A PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT AND MANY ADAPTATIONS FOR CONTRACTIONS

Definition
TRUE
Term
IN THE BODY THERE ARE **** THAT BIND AND SEPERATE BODY PARTS
Definition
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Term
COMPOSED OF AREOLAR CT + ADIPOSE TISSUE (FAT); SEPARATES MUSCLE FROM SKIN; SUPPORTS BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, LYMPHATICS TRYGLYCERIDES STORAGE; INSULATING LAYER THAT REDUCES HEAT LOSS AND PROTECTS MUSCLES FROM PHYSICAL TRAUMA
Definition
SUBCUTANEOUS (SUBQ) LAYER OR HYPODERMIS
Term
COMPOSED OF DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN A BROAD BAND OR SHEET; GROUPS MUSCLES WITH SIMILAR FUNCTIONS TOGETHER
Definition
FASCIA
Term
THREE LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT EXTEND FROM THE FASCIA  TO PROTECT AND STRENGTHEN SKELETAL MUSCLE:
Definition
EPIMYSIUM, PERIMYSIUM, AND ENDOMYSIUM
Term
OUTERMOST LAYER, DENSE IRREGULAR CT; ENCRCLES ENTIRE MUSCLE
Definition
EPIMYSIUM
Term
SUBDIVIDES MUSCLE INTO FASCICLES (BUNDLES OF 10-100 OR MORE MUSCLE FIBERS, ALSO MADE UP OF DENSE IRREGULAR TISSUE
Definition
PERIMYSIUM
Term
SEPERATES INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBERS FROM ONE ANOTHER; MADE UP OF MOSTLY RETICULAR FIBERS
Definition
ENDOMYSIUM
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

THE EPIMYSIUM, PERIMYSIUM, AND ENDOMYSIUM CTs ARE ALL CONTINUOUS WITH EACH OTHER; THE COLLAGEN IN THESE LAYERS ATTACHES TO PERIOSTEUM OF BONE AND TO OTHER CT ASSOCIATED WITH MUSCLE

Definition
TRUE
Term
DENSE REGULAR CT; ATTACHES MUSCLE TO THE PERIOSTEUM OF A BONE; CORD LIKE 
Definition
TENDON
Term
BROAD, FLAT SHEET, DENSE REGULAR CT
Definition
APONEUROSIS
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE WELL **** AND RICHLY SUPPLIED WITH ****; *** TRAVEL ALONG WITH NERVES
Definition
VASCULARIZED, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE IS ****; UNDER CONSCIOUS CONTROL
Definition
VOLUNTARY
Term
MUSCLE FIBERS ARE SUPPLIED BY
Definition
SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS
Term
A NEURON CELL BODY IS MADE UP OF
Definition
DENDRITES AND AN AXON
Term
**** EXTEND FROM CELL BODIES IN THE BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD
Definition
AXONS
Term
SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS BRANCH (COLLATERALS) & TERMINATE AT ****; THESE COLLATERALS TERMINATE IN SWELLINGS CALLED **** 
Definition
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS (NMJ), SYNAPTIC END BULBS
Term

MESODERM → MYOBLASTS → SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

MYOBLASTS FUSE; SKELETAL MUSCLE IS A MULTINUCLEATED SYNCYTIUM

Definition
EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

AFTER FUSION NO MITOSIS OCCURS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE; THE NUMBER OF MUSCLE FIBERS IN AN INDIVIDUAL IS ESSENTIALLY SET BEFORE BIRTH

 

Definition
TRUE
Term
MUSCLES GROW AS FIBERS, THEY ****/*****; THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF FIBERS
Definition
ENLARGE/HYPERTROPHY
Term
***** ARE MYOBLASTS THAT PERSIST; THEY PROVIDE ******* (PRODUCTION OF NEW FIBERS) BUT THEY CAN *** TO EXISTING MUSCLE FOR REPAIR
Definition
SAELLITE CELLS, LIMITED REGENERATION, FUSE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, MANY MYOBLASTS FUSE TO FORM ONE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER

Definition
TRUE
Term
ENLARGEMENT OF EXISTING CELLS/FIBERS (IN RESPONSE TO STRENGTH TRAINING, FOR EX.)
Definition
HYPERTROPHY
Term
INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS/FIBERS
Definition
HYPERPLASIA
Term
REPLACEMENT OF NORMAL FUNCTIONING TISSUE WITH FIBROUS SCAR
Definition
FIBROSIS
Term
WASTING OF MUSCLE; DICREASE IN SIZE OF FIBERS; MAY BE DUE TO DISUSE OR DENERVATION
Definition
ATROPHY
Term
MUSCLE IS A HIGHLY SPECIALIZED TISSUE THAT IS **********
Definition
ADAPTED FOR CONTRACTION
Term
PLASMA MEMBRANE OF A MUSCLE FIBER; MULTIPLE NUCLEI OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER ARE LOCATED JUST BENEATH
Definition
SARCOLEMMA
Term
  • INVAGINATIONS OF SARCOLEMMA FROM SURFACE TO CENTER OF FIBER
  • OPEN TO OUTSIDE OF FIBER AND FILLED WITH INTERSTITIAL FLUID
  • THEY CARRY THE MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL (AP) TO ALL PARTS OF THE FIBER
  • REACH EACH MYOFIBRIL
Definition
TRANSVERSE / T-TUBULES
Term
  • LOCATED WITHIN THE SARCOLEMMA
  • THE CYTOPLASM OF A MUSCLE FIBER
  • CONTAINS A SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF GLYCOGEN
  • ALSO CONTAINS A RED COLORED PROTEIN-MYOGLOBIN WHICH BINDS O
  • MITOCHONDRIA LIE IN ROWS THROUGHOUT
Definition
SARCOPLASM
Term
  • CONTRACTILE ORAGANELLES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
  • THREAD-LIKE APPEARANCE
  • RUNS THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE MUSCLE
  • EACH HAS THICK & THIN PROTEIN FILAMENTS
  • APPEAR STRIPED/STRIATED DUE TO THE SPECIFIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE PROTEIN FILAMENTS (ka MYOFILAMENTS)
Definition
MYOFIBRILS
Term
  • SER OF MUSCLE
  • STORES Ca+2 IN MUSCLES RELAXED STATE AND RELEASES IT FROM TERMINAL CISTERNS TO TRIGGER MUSCLE CONTRACTION
  • HAS ACTIVE TRANSPORT PUMPS AND RELEASE CHANNELS FOR Ca+2 
  • HANGS LIKE A LOOSE SLEEVE AROUND EACH MYOFIBRIL
  • SWOLLEN ENDS ARE CALLED TERMINAL CISTERNS

 

Definition
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Term
TERMINAL CISTERN, T-TUBULE,TERMINAL CISTERN
Definition
TRIAD
Term
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF MUSCLE; CONTRACT/SHORTEN
Definition
SARCOMERES
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

ALTHOUGH EACH MYOFIBRIL RUNS THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE MUSCLE, THICK & THIN FILAMENTS DO NOT. FILAMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN COMPARTMENTS CALLED SARCOMERES

Definition
TRUE
Term
THIN FILAMENTS ARE COMPOSED MOSTLY OF THE PROTEIN
Definition
ACTIN
Term
THICK FILAMENTS ARE COMPOSED MOSTLY OF THE PROTEIN
Definition
MYOSIN
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

BOTH THICK AND THIN FILAMENTS ARE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE CONTRACTILE PROCESS

Definition
TRUE
Term
DARKER MIDDLE PART OF SARCOMERE; EXTENDS THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THICK FILAMENT; ZONE OF OVERLAP OF THCK & THIN FILAMENT ON EACH END
Definition
A/DARK BAND
Term
LIGHTER LESS DENSE AREA; PART OF THIN FILAMENTS EXTENT THAT DOES NOT OVERLAP THE THICK FILAMENT
Definition
I/LIGHT BAND
Term
PASSES THROUGH THE CENTER OF EACH I BAND; SEPERATES ONE SARCOMERE FROM THE NEXT
Definition
Z DISC
Term
SUBDIVISION OF A BAND THAT EXCLUDES THIN FILAMENT OVERLAP
Definition
H ZONE
Term
SUBDIVISION OF A BAND AT CENTER OF H; SUPPORTING PROTEINS HOLD THICK FILAMENTS TOGETHER
Definition
M LINE
Term
MYOFIBRILS ARE MADE FROM 3 TYPES OF PROTEINS:
Definition
CONTRACTILE, REGULATORY, & STRUCTURAL
Term
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS ***** DURING CONTRACTION; ***** TO GENERATE FORCE
Definition
GENERATE FORCE, PUSH OR PULL
Term
THE 2 CONTRACTILE PROTEINS IN MUSCLE ARE
Definition
MYOSIN & ACTIN
Term
MAIN PROTEIN OF THICK FILAMENTS (CONTRACTILE PROTEIN)
Definition
MYOSIN
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

MYOSIN IS A MOTOR PROTEIN THAT CONVERTS ATP'S CHEMICAL ENERGY TO MECHANICAL ENERGY TO PRODUCE FORCE 

Definition
TRUE
Term
A SINGLE THICK FILAMENT HAS **** MYOSIN MOLECULES; EACH MYOSIN IS LIKE 2 GOLF CLUBS TWISTED TOGETHER
Definition
300
Term
****** POINTS TOWARD M LINE (CENTER OF SARCOMERE); ****** WILL ATTACH TO ACTIN'S BINDING SITES DURING CONTRACTION
Definition
MYOSIN TAIL, MYOSIN HEADS
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

MYOSIN HEADS ALSO HAVE ATP BINDING POCKETS AND ATPase

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

MYOSIN HEADS HAVE AN ENERGIZED AND UNENERGIZED POSITION; ENERGY IS FROM ATP

Definition
TRUE
Term
SWIVEL / ROTATE / REORIENT
Definition
MYOSIN HEADS
Term
MAIN PROTEIN OF THIN FILAMENTS; ANCHORED TO Z DISCS (CONTRACTILE PROTEIN)
Definition
ACTIN
Term
EACH ACTIN MOLECULE HAS A ***** BINDING SITE
Definition
MYOSIN
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

ACTIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE 2 REGULATORY PROTEINS TROPONIN & TROPOMYOSIN

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

INDIVIDUAL ACTIN MOLECULES JOIN TO FORM A TWISTED HELIX

Definition
TRUE
Term
REGULATORY PROTEINS **** & **** SWITCH **** ON & OFF; BOTH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIN/THIN FILAMENT
Definition
TROPOMYOSIN, TROPONIN, CONTRACTION
Term
COVERS THE BINDING SITES ON ACTIN WHEN MUSCLE IS RESTING
Definition
TROPOMYOSIN
Term
BINDS Ca+2 ; HOLDS TROPOMYOSIN IN PLACE
Definition
TROPONIN
Term
KEEP THICK & THIN FILAMENTS IN PROPER ALIGNMENT; GIVE ELASTICITY & EXTENSIBILITY TO MUSCLE & LINK MYOFIBRILS TO SARCOLEMMA
Definition
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
Term
STRUCTURAL PROTEIN THAT HAS A VERY LARGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT (3 MILLION DALTONS); MOST ABUNDANT STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IN MUSCLE; SPANS FROM Z TO M & ANCHORS THICK FILAMENT/MYOSIN TO Z & M; PROBABLY HELPS SARCOMERES RETURN TO NORMAL SIZE AFTER STRETCHING
Definition
TITIN
Term
STRUCTURAL PROTEIN THAT LINKS ACTIN TO THE INTEGRAL PROTEINS OF THE SARCOLEMMA; IT MAY TRANSMIT TENSION TO THE TENDONS
Definition
DYSTROPHIN
Term
DURING CONTRACTION, ACTIN & MYOSIN DO NOT ****; THEIR LENGTH IS CONSTANT; INSTEAD, ACTIN & MYOSIN ****** EACH OTHER.
Definition
SHORTEN, SLIDE PAST
Term
A CROSSBRIDGE IS FORMED WHEN **** & **** BIND
Definition
ACTIN, MYOSIN
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

EACH CROSS-BRIDGE ROTATES TOWARD THE M LINE AND GENERATES FORCE THAT PULLS THE THIN FILAMENT PAST THE THICK FILAMENT; MYOSIN HEADS BIND SUCCESSIVE BINDING SITES ON ACTIN, PULLING ACTIN CLOSER & CLOSER TO THE M LINE AT THE CENTER OF THE SARCOMERE 

Definition
TRUE
Term
ACTIN ATTACHES TO THE *****; BECAUSE ACTIN IS ATTACHED AT *** WHEN ACTIN IS BEING PULLED TOWARDS ***, THE ***** MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER & THE SARCOMERE *****
Definition
Z DISC, Z, M, Z DISCS, SHORTENS
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

THOUSANDS OF INDIVIDUAL SARCOMERES ARE ARRANGED END TO END & RUN THE LENGTH OF THE MUSCLE; AS ALL THE SARCOMERES SHORTEN, THE ENTIRE MUSCLE SHORTEN/CONTRACTS; I BAND LOOKS SMALLER IN FULLY CONTRACTED MUSCLE

Definition
TRUE
Term
IN ORDER FOR THE CONTRACTION CYCLE TO BEGIN THERE MUST 1ST BE  AN **** FROM A SOMATIC MOTOR NERVE; THE NERVE *** THEN CAUSES A **** AP; THE MUSCLE AP CAUSES *** RELEASE FROM THE SR; **** BINDING SITES ARE EXPOSED; CONTRACTION OCCURS
Definition
ACTION POTENTIAL, AP, MUSCLE Ca+2 , MYOSIN
Term
  1. ATP HYDROLYSIS
  2. ATTACHMENT OF MYOSIN TO ACTIN TO FORM CROSSBRIDGES
  3. POWER STROKE
  4. DETACHMENT OF MYOSIN FROM ACTIN
Definition
4 STEPS OF THE CONTRACTION CYCLE
Term
  • ATP BINDS MYOSIN HEAD AT ATP BINDING SITE; ATPase IS PRESENT:ATP→ADP+PHOSPHATE+ENERGY
  • THIS ENERGIZES & REORIENTS THE MYOSIN HEAD
  • ADP & PHOSPHATE REMAIN ATTACHED TO MYOSIN
Definition
ATP HYDROLYSIS
Term
  • ENERGIZED MYOSIN HEAD ATTACHES TO ACTIN (BOUND HEADS ARE REFERRED TO AS CROSSBRIDGES)
  • PHOSPHATE IS RELEASED
Definition
ATTACHMENT OF MYOSIN TO ACTIN TO FORM CROSSBRIDGES
Term
  • MYOSIN HEAD ROTATES/SWIVELS INWARD TOWARD THE CENTER OF THE SARCOMERE
  • THIS GENERATES FORCE THAT PULLS ON THE ACTIN SO IT SLIDES INWARD PAST THE MYOSIN
Definition
POWER STROKE
Term
  • MYOSIN IS STILL ATTACHED TO ACTIN
  • MYOSIN BINDS ANOTHER ATP
  • ONLY AFTER A NEW ATP BINDS WILL THE MYOSIN DETACH FROM ACTIN
Definition
DETACHMENT OF MYOSIN FROM ACTIN
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

THE CONTRACTION CYCLE REPEATS FOR AS LONG AS THERE IS Ca+2 & ATP AVAILABLE; EACH MYOSIN HAS 300 MOLECULES W/2 HEADS EACH; THESE 600 HEADS CAN ATTACH/DETACH 5 TIMES PER SECOND; THEY DO NOT ALL BIND AT ONCE - THEY BIND SEQUENTIALLY SO SOME ARE READY TO BIND WHEN OTHERS ARE LETTING GO OF ACTIN

Definition
TRUE
Term
***** REFERS TO THE STEPS CONNECTING EXCITATION (MUSCLE AP) TO CONTRACTION (SLIDING OF FILAMENTS). *****PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE. WHEN A MUSCLE FIBER IS **** THE Ca+2 IN CYTOSOL IS LOW. WHEN THERE IS A *****, Ca+2 IS ***** FROM THE SR.
Definition
EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, Ca+2 , RELAXED, MUSCLE AP, RELEASED
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

  • THE MUSCLE AP TRAVELS VIA T-TUBULES TO SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SR)
  • Ca+2 IS RELESED FROM Ca+2 RELEASE CHANNELS ON SR
  • Ca+2 BINDS TROPONIN; TROPONIN CHANGES SHAPE
  • AS TROPONIN CHANGES SHAPE, IT PULLS TROPOMYOSIN (TO WHICH IT IS ATTACHED) AWAY FROM THE BINDING SITES ON ACTIN
  • THIS EXPOSES THE MYOSIN BINDING SITES ON ACTIN
  • ACTIN & MYOSIN BIND FORMING CROSS-BRIDGES

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

  • THE SR RELEASES Ca+2 FROM RELEASE CHANNELS ONLY WHEN THERE'S A MUSCLE AP
  • SR ALSO HAS Ca+2 ACTIVE TRANSPORT PUMPS
  • THESE PUMP Ca+2 BACK INTO SR
  • INSIDE THE SR, Ca+2 BINDS TO THE PROTEIN CALSEQUESTRIN
  • WHEN NO MUSCLE AP EXISTS Ca+2 IS SEQUESTERED W/IN THE SR
Definition
TRUE
Term
THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ) IS A **** SYNAPSE; A REGION OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A NEURON AND ANOTHER CELL
Definition
CHEMICAL
Term
WHY IS THE NMJ CALLED A CHEMICAL SYNAPSE?
Definition
BECAUSE TRANSMISSION OF THE IMPULSE REQUIRES THE RELEASE OF A CHEMICAL CALLED A NEUROTRANSMITTER (NT)
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS STIMULATE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS TO CONTRACT

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

THE MUSCLE AP ARISES IN RESPONSE TO AN AP FROM A SOMATIC MOTOR NERVE; THE MUSCLE AP ARISES AT THE NMJ

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

THERE ARE ELECTRICAL (GAP JUNCTIONS) AND CHEMICAL SYNAPSES

Definition
TRUE
Term
SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON; CARRIES NERVE AP
Definition
PRESYNAPTIC CELL (PART OF THE NMJ)
Term
ENLARGED TERMINUS OF PRESYNAPTIC CELL (SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON)
Definition
SYNAPTIC END BULB (NEURON TERMINAL) (PART OF THE NMJ)
Term
SACS CONTAINING NEUROTRANSMITTER IN PRESYNAPTIC CELL
Definition
SYNAPTIC VESSICLES (PART OF THE NMJ)
Term
ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) (1000s OF MOLECULES INSIDE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES)
Definition
NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASED AT THE NMJ (PART OF THE NMJ)
Term
SMALL GAP BETWEEN COMMUNICATING CELLS
Definition
SYNAPTIC CLEFT (PART OF THE NMJ)
Term
CELL THAT RECEIVES MESSAGE FROM THE PRESYNAPTIC CELL; POSTSYNAPTIC CELL 
Definition
MOTOR END PLATE (FOLDS IN SARCOLEMMA)(PART OF THE NMJ)
Term
INTEGRAL TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS THAT BIND NT (ACh) (THERE ARE 30-40 MILLION RECEPTORS IN THE FOLDS OF THE SARCOLEMMA)
Definition
ACh (NEUROTRANSMITTER) RECEPTORS ; ACh IS THE LIGAND
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

THE ACh RECEPTORS ARE ALSO LIGAND GATED ION CHANNELS MAINLY SPECIFIC FOR Na+1

Definition
TRUE
Term
TRUE OR FALSE:
IN ORDER FOR EXOCYTOSIS TO OCCUR, Ca+2 MUST ENTER THE SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON (PRESYNAPTIC CELL)
Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:
PRELIMINARY STEP IN CONTRACTION & RELAXATION OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER

  • AP FROM SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON ARRIVES AT SYNAPTIC END BULB
  • THIS NERVE AP CAUSES A CHANGE IN VOLTAGE ACROSS THE NEURON'S MEMBRANE
  • THIS VOLTAGE CHANGE OPENS Ca +2 VOLTAGE GATES SO Ca +2   ENTERS END BULB (NEURON TERMINAL)
  • WITHOUTH THIS Ca+2  RELEASE OF THE ACh COULD NOT OCCUR
Definition
TRUE
Term
ACh IS RELEASED FROM SYNAPTIC VESSICLES BY EXOCYTOSIS; ACh DIFFUSES ACROSS CLEFT
Definition
RELEASE OF ACh
Term
ACh BINDS RECEPTORS (2 ACh MOLECULES BIND EACH RECEPTOR) ON MOTOR END PLATE; THIS OPENS ATTACHED ION GATES; Na+1 ENTERS THE MUSCLE
Definition
ACTIVATION OF ACh RECEPTORS
Term
THE INFLUX OF Na+1 CHANGES MUSCLE'S MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; THIS TRIGGERS THE MUSCLE AP; THE MUSCLE AP TRAVELS ALONG T-TUBULEDEEP INTO FIBER TO REACH ALL MYOFIBRILS
Definition

PRODUCTION OF MUSCLE AP

(RECALL THAT THE MUSCLE AP CAUSES SR TO RELEASE Ca+2 , Ca+2 BINDS TROPONIN)

Term

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (AChE) ON COLLAGEN IN THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX OF THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT DEGRADES ACh:

                          

                          AChE 

ACh ————> ACETYL + CHOLINE

Definition
TERMINATION OF ACh ACTIVITY
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

EACH FIBER HAS A NMJ WHICH IS TYPICALLY LOCATED AT MIDPOINT OF MUSCLE FIBER; A MUSCLE AP ARISES AT NMJ & TRAVELS ALONG T-TUBULE TO BOTH ENDS OF FIBER AND TO EACH MYOFIBRIL

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

WORKING MUSCLES USE INCREASED ATP TO RELAX (ATP MUST BIND MYOSIN BEFORE ACTIN IS RELEASED), TO CARRY ON NORMAL METABOLIC FUNCTIONS & TO ACTIVELY TRANSPORT Ca+2 . NORMAL ATP STORES LAST ONLY A FEW SECONDS DURING ACTIVE MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

Definition
TRUE
Term
  1. CREATINE PHOSPHATE
  2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
  3. AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Definition
BACKUP SOURCES OF ENERGY
Term
ONLY IN MUSCLE; MADE FROM ATP; CAN BE USED TO GENERATE ATP; SUPPLIES ENERGY FOR A FEW MORE SECONDS; ENZYME CREATINE KINASE (CK) ADDS OR REMOVES PHOSPHATE GROUP BETWEEN CP & ATP
Definition
CREATINE PHOSPHATE
Term
SERIES OF ATP PRODUCING REACTIONS THAT DON'T REQUIRE OXYGEN; PROVIDES 30-40 SECONDS WORTH OF ENERGY; GLYCOGENOLYSIS BREAKS DOWN GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE; BLOOD GLUCOSE ALSO USED; GLYCOLYSIS BREAKS DOWN GLUCOSE TO 2 PYRUVIC ACIDS + 2 ATP; FERMENTATION CONVERTS PYRUVIC ACID TO LACTIC ACID; LACTIC ACID MOVES TO BLOOD & THEN TO THE LIVER WHERE SOME CAN BE CONVERTED INTO GLUCOSE
Definition
ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Term
OXYGEN IS REQUIRED FOR ATP PRODUCTION; PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ACTIVITIES LASTING LONGER THAN 30 SECONDS; OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA; AEROBIC RESPIRATION CAN USE GLUCOSE, CERTAIN FATTY ACIDS; & AMINO ACIDS; OXYGEN IS SUPPLIED TO MUSCLE FROM 2 SOURCES: Hb (HEMOGLOBIN) IN RED BLOOD CELLS & MYOGLOBIN IN MUSCLE - BOTH BIND OXYGEN WHEN IT IS PLENTIFUL AND RELEASE OXYGEN WHEN IT IS SCARCE
Definition
AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Term
THE INABILITY OF MUSCLE TO MAINTAIN THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION AFTER PROLONGED ACTIVITY
Definition
MUSCLE FATIGUE
Term

FATIGUE DOES *** SEEM TO BE RELATED TO ATP DEPLETION. POSSIBLE FACTORS INCLUDE:

DEPLETION OF Ca+2 FROM SR

INSUFFICIENT OXYGEN

INSUFFICIENT ACh RELEASE

DEPLETION OF CP

DEPLETION OF GLYCOGEN, NUTRIENTS

BUILDUP OF LACTIC ACID

Definition
NOT
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

PROLONGED MUSCLE CONTRACTION INCREASES RESPIRATION RATE; INCREASED RESPIRATION RATE CONTINUES AFTER EXCERCISE STOPS

Definition
TRUE
Term
THE ADDITIONAL OXYGEN OVER AND ABOVE RESTING OXYGEN CONSUMPTION TAKEN INTO BODY AFTER EXCERCISE
Definition
OXYGEN DEBT
Term
  • CONVERT LACTIC ACID TO PYRUVIC ACID; SOME LA IS CONVERTED TO GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER
  • RESYNTHESIZE CP AND ATP IN MUSCLE
  • REPLACE OXYGEN REMOVED FROM MYOGLOBIN (MYOGLOBIN STORES OXYGEN)
Definition
WAYS THE BODY PAYS BACK/RESTORES METABOLIC CONDITIONS
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

INCREASES IN BODY TEMP, METABOLIC RATE, WORK OF SKELETAL & CARDIAC MUSCLE, ATP CONSUMPTION, & RATE OF TISSUE REPAIR INCREASES THE USE OF OXYGEN AFTER EXCERCISE WHICH IS WHY THE TERM RECOVERY OXYGEN UPTAKE IS A MORE ACCURATE DESCRIPTION.

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

  • A SINGLE NERVE AP CAUSES A SINGLE MUSCLE AP IN ALL THE MUSCLE FIBERS IT SUPPLIES
  • ALL NERVE APs ARE THE SAME SIZE; ALL MUSCLE APs ARE THE SAME SIZE
  • A FIBER GENERATES MORE FORCE/TENSION IF THE RATE AT WHICH APs ARRIVE AT THE NMJ INCREASES
  • THE RATE OF AP ARRIVAL IS THE FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION
Definition
TRUE
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS ARE SUPPLIED BY
Definition
SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS
Term
ANOTHER NAME FOR THE BRANCHES OF AXONS THAT BRANCH OUT AND FORM NMJs WITH MANY DIFFERENT MUSCLE FIBERS
Definition
COLLATERALS
Term
1 SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON PLUS ALL THE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS IT STIMULATES
Definition
MOTOR UNIT
Term
SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS  LOCATED IN THE ANTERIOR GRAY OF THE SPINAL CORD ARE CALLED
Definition
LOWER MOTOR NEURONS (LMN)
Term
CONSISTS OF 1 MOTOR NEURON & 150-300 COLLATERALS; EACH COLLATERAL FORMS A NMJ WITH 1 SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER (IF THAT MOTOR NEURON FIRES AN AP ALL 150-300 MUSCLE FIBERS CONTRACT IN UNISON)
Definition
TYPICAL MOTOR UNIT
Term

VOCAL CORDS: 2-3 MUSCLE FIBERS/MOTOR UNIT (SMALLEST IN BODY)

EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES: 10-20 MUSCLE FIBERS/MOTOR UNIT

Definition
WHOLE MUSCLES THAT CONTROL PRECISE MOVEMENTS
Term
BICEPS BRACHII & GASTROCNEMIUS: 2000-3000 MUSCLE FIBERS/MOTOR UNIT
Definition
POWERFUL MUSCLES
Term
A BREIF CONTRACTION OF ALL THE MUSCLE FIBERS IN A MOTOR UNIT IN RSPONSE TO A SINGLE AP IN ITS NEURON
Definition
TWITCH CONTRACTION
Term
RECORD OF A MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Definition
MYOGRAM
Term
  • LATENT PERIOD: 2 MSEC, MUSCLE AP MOVES ALONG SARCOLEMMA & Ca+2 RELEASED FROM SR
  • CONTRACTION PERIOD: 10-100 MSEC, Ca+2 BINDS TROPONIN, CROSSBRIDGES FORM, PEAK TENSION BECAUSE MUSCLE IS CONTRACTING (POWER STROKE)
  • RELAXATION PERIOD: 10-100 MSEC, MANY VARIATIONS IN DURATION, DURING THIS PHASE Ca+2 IS ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED BACK INTO SR, MYOSIN HEADS DETACH FROM ACTIN, TENSION DECREASES
Definition
3 PHASES IN MYOGRAM OF A TWITCH CONTRACTION
Term
TEMPORARY LOSS OF EXCITABILITY; OCCURS IN MUSCLE FIBERS & NERVES; MUSCLE OR NERVE CANNOT RESPOND TO STIMULI; OCCURS WHEN 2 STIMULI ARE APPLIED (1 FOLLOWING THE OTHER), THE FIBER RESPONDS TO THE 1ST BUT NOT THE 2ND
Definition
REFRACTORY PERIOD
Term
  • WAVE SUMMATION: 2ND STIMULUS OCCURS AFTER REFRACTION BUT BEFORE RELAXATION IS COMPLETE; CONTRACTION IS STRONGER AND LONGER
  • UNFUSED TETANUS: INCREASED STIMULUS RATE(20-30/SEC); ONLY PARTIAL RELAXATION OCCURS; SUSTAINED WAVERING CONTRACTION
  • FUSED TETANUS: GREATLY INCREASED STIMULUS RATE(80-100/SECOND); NO RELAXATION AT ALL; CAN NO LONGER DISTINGUISH INDIVIDUAL TWITCHES
Definition
VARIATIONS THAT OCCUR WHEN THE SECOND & SUBSEQUENT STIMULI OCCUR AFTER THE REFRACTORY PERIOD BUT BEFORE THE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER HAS RELAXED (ASSOCIATED WITH THE BUILDUP OF Ca+2 )
Term
THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE NUMBER OF ACTIVE MOTOR UNITS INCREASES
Definition
MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

A MUSCLE CONTAINS 100s-1000s OF MOTOR UNITS; THEY GENERALLY ARE NOT ALL STIMULATED AT ONCE; MOTOR UNITS FIRE ASNYCHONOUSLY PRODUCING SMOOTH, SUSTAINED CONTRACTIONS & DELAYING FATIGUE; WEAKEST MOTOR UNITS ARE THE 1ST TO BE RECRUITED; IF MORE FORCE IS NEEDED STRONGER MOTOR UNITS ARE RECRUITED

Definition
TRUE
Term
REFERS TO SMALL AMOUNT OF TENSION,TAUTNESS IN A SKELETAL MUSCLE DUE TO WEAK, INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS OF ITS MOTOR UNITS
Definition
MUSCLE TONE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

NEURONS IN THE BRAIN & SPINAL CORD CAUSE INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS. THERE IS NOT ENOUGH FORCE TO GENERATE MOVEMENT. EX: POSTURAL MUSCLES KEEP HEAD UPRIGHT, SMOOTH MUSCLE OF VISCERA: DIGESTIVE ORGANS, BLOOD VESSELS

Definition
TRUE
Term

SLOW OXIDATIVE

FAST OXIDATIVE - GLYCOLYTIC

FAST GLYCOLYTIC

Definition
3 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS
Term
REFERS TO HOW FAST MYOSIN'S ATPase HYDROLIZES ATP
Definition
FAST vs SLOW MUSCLE FIBERS
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

RED MUSCLE FIBERS HAVE INCREASED MYOGLOBIN CONTENT / WHITE MUSCLE FIBERS HAVE LOW CONTENT OF MYOGLOBIN & INCREASED GLYCOGEN

Definition
TRUE
Term
DIFFERENCES IN ABILITY TO RESIST FATIGUE AND HOW ENERGY IS GENERATED
Definition
OTHER VARIATIONS OF MUSCLE FIBERS
Term

INCREASED MYOGLOBIN IN RED MUSCLE FIBERS

ATPase ACTS SLOWLY; INCREASED PRODUCTION OF ATP

AEROBIC RESPIRATION: MANY BV & MITOCHONDRIA

RESIST FATIGUE, CAPABLE OF PROLONGED HOURS, SUSTAINED CONTRACTIONS, POSTURE, ENDURANCE, AEROBIC EXERCISE

Definition
SLOW OXIDATIVE MUSCE FIBERS
Term

WHITE MUSCLE FIBERS: INCREASED GLYCOGEN

ATPase ACTS FAST: DECREASES PRODUCTION OF ATP

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: DECREASE IN BLOOD VESSELS & MITOCHONDRIA

FATIGUES EASILY, GENERATES THE MOST POWERFUL CONTRACTIONS, INTENSE ACTION OF SHORT DURATION; WEIGHT LIFTING

Definition
FAST GLYCOLYTIC
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

CARDIAC MUSCLE LIKE SKELETAL MUSCLE HAS MYOSIN, ACTIN, TROPONIN, TROPOMYOSIN

Z DISCS, I & A BANDS

T-TUBULES 

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

UNLIKE SKELETAL MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE HAS:

 INTERCALATED DISCS W/ DESMOSOMES & GAP JUNCTIONS (ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES)

PROLONGED Ca+2 DELIVERY FROM SR & INTERSTITIAL FLUID

MUCH LONGER CONTRACTION & RELAXATION

AUTORHYTHMIC BUT UNDER (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS CONTROL)

  

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

VISCERAL/SINGLE UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE HAS MANY GAP JUNCTIONS/ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES

1 STIMULUS → MANY FIBERS CONTRACT AS ONE OR AS A SINGLE UNIT

AUTORHYTHMIC W/ ANS INPUT FOR HOMEOSTASIS

VERY COMMON IN SMALL ARTERIES, VEINS, HOLLOW VISCERA: GUT, UTERUS, BLADDER

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

MULTIUNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE HAS FEW, IF ANY GAP JUNCTIONS

EAHC CELL CONTRACTS INDEPENDENTLY (HAS ITS OWN NMJ)

INDIVIDUAL FIBERS SUPPLIED BY INDIVIDUAL COLLATERALS CONTRACT INDIVIDUALLY

CONTROLLED BY AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

FOUND IN LARGE ARTERIES, BRONCHIOLES, ARRECTOR PILI, MUSCLES OF CILIARY BODY (FOCUS), IRIS/PUPIL (PUPIL DIAMETER)

Definition
TRUE
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

THICK, THIN, & INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS ARE PRESENT IN SMOOTH MUSCLE

NO A, I BANDS, NO SARCOMERES, NO T-TUBULES; ONLY SCANTY SR

SMOOTH MUSCLE HAS SMALL INVAGINATIONS CALLED CAVEOLAE THAT CONTAIN EXTRACELLULAR Ca +2

NO Z DISCS BUT DENSE BODIES TO WHICH INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS & ACTIN ATTACH

Definition
TRUE
Term
IN SMOOTH MUSCLE ****** ARE SCATERED IN SARCOPLASM AND ON SARCOLEMMA; IN ***** THICK & THIN FILAMENTS SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER GENERATING ****; THE TENSION IS CONVEYED TO ***** & DENSE BODIES; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER TWISTS/SHORTENS
Definition
DENSE BODIES, CONTRACTIONS, TENSION, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Term
SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION *** & *** THAN SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION; IT SHORTENS & STRETCHES MORE THAN ANY OTHER MUSCLE TYPE; **** IS IMPORTANT TO INITIATE MUSCLE CONTRACTION; Ca+2 IONS FROM BOTH **** & **** FLOW INTO CYTOSOL
Definition
STARTS SLOWER, LASTS LONGER, Ca+2 , INTERSTITIAL FLUID, THE SR
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

BECAUSE THERE ARE NO T-TUBULES IT TAKES Ca +2 LONGER TO REACH FILAMENTS IN THE CENTER OF THE FIBER AND IT ITTAKES LONGER TO GET RID OF Ca +2

Definition
TRUE
Term
REGULATORY PROTEIN IN THE CYTOSOL
Definition
CALMODULIN
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

NEITHER TROPONIN NOR TROPOMYOSIN IS FOUND IN SMOOTH MUSCLE

Definition
TRUE
Term
BINDS Ca+2 ; HAS A ROLE SIMILAR TO TROPONIN
Definition
CALMODULIN
Term

TRUE OR FALSE:

CALMODULIN - Ca +2 ACTIVATES ANOTHER ENZYME (A KINASE) THAT PHOSPHORYLATES AND ACTIVATES THE MYOSIN HEAD

Definition
TRUE
Term
******* IS A PARTIAL CONTRACTION DUE TO PROLONGED PRESENCE OF Ca+2; MAINTAINS STEADY PRESENCE ON GI TRACT AND ON ARTERIOLES
Definition
SMOOTH MUSCLE TONE
Term
ATONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, HORMONES, STRETCH, LOCAL CHANGES IN pH, O2, CO2, [ION], TEMPERATURE
Definition
STIMULI THAT SMOOTH MUSCLE REPONDS TO
Term
SMOOTH MUSCLES OF IRIS AND ARRECTOR PILLI DEVELOP FROM *****; ALL OTHER MUSCLE DEVELOPS FROM *****
Definition
ECTODERM, MESODERM
Term
  1. MYOTOME: FORMS SKELETAL MUSCLE OF HEAD, NECK, LIMBS
  2. DERMATOME: FORMS CT INCLUDING DERMIS OF SKIN
  3. SCLEROTOME: FORMS THE VERTEBRAE
Definition
3 REGIONS OF SOMITES OF DEVELOPING SKELETAL MUSCLES
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