Term
| Muscle tissue consists of cells that are highly specialized for the function of what? |
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Definition
| excitability, contractibility, and extensibility |
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Term
| The three types of muscle tissue are? |
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Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
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Term
| Skeletal muscles are often called voluntary muscles because? |
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Definition
| they contract when stimulated by motor neurons of the central nervous system |
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Term
| The smallest functional unity of the muscle fiber is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerves and blood vessels are contained within the connective tissues of the? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thin filaments consist of? |
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Definition
| a pair of protein strands together to form chains of actin molecules |
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Term
| The thick filaments consist of? |
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Definition
| a helical array of myosin molecules |
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Term
| All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The reason there is less precise control over leg muscles compared to the muscles of the eye is? |
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Definition
| many muscle fibers are controlled by a single motor neuron |
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Term
| The sliding filament theory explains that the physical change that takes place during contraction is? |
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Definition
| the THIN filaments are sliding toward the center of the sarcomere alongside the THICK filaments |
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Term
| Troponin and tropomyosin are two proteins taht can prevent the contractile process by? |
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Definition
| covering the active site and blocking the actin-myosin interaction |
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Term
| The amount of tension produced by an individual muscle fiber ultimately depends on the? |
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Definition
| number of pivoting cross-bridges |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle fibers contract most forcefully when stimulated over a? |
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Definition
| narrow range of resting lengths |
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Term
| The amount of tension produced in the skeletal muscle as a whole is determined by the |
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Definition
internal tension produced by the stimulated muscle fibers,
external tension produced by the stimulated muscle fibers,
total number of muscle fibers stimulated |
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Term
| Peak tension production occurs when all motor units in the muscle contract in a state of? |
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Definition
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Term
| In an isotonic contraction..? |
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Definition
| the cross-bridges must produce enough tension to overcome the resistance |
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Term
| In an isometric contraction...? |
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Definition
| tension rises but the length of the muscle remains constant |
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Term
| A high blood concentration of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) usually indicates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochrondrial activites are relatively efficient, but their rate of ATP generation is limited by? |
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Definition
| the availability of oxygen |
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Term
| Of the following selections, the one that has been correlated with muscel fatigue is? |
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Definition
| a decline in pH within the muscle altering enzyme activities |
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Term
| During the recovery period, the body's oxygen demand is? |
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Definition
| ELEVATED above normal resting levels |
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Term
| The three major types of skeletal muscle fibers in the human body are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Extensive blood vessels, mitochondria, and myoglobin are found in the greatest concentration in? |
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Definition
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Term
| The length of time a muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities is referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Altering the characteristics of muscle fibers and improving the performance of the cardiovascular system results in improving? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of muscle tissue that does NOT contain sarcomeres is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Structurally, smooth muscle cells differ from skeletal muscle cells because smooth muscle cells? |
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Definition
| lack myofibrils and sarcomeres |
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Term
| Smooth muscle tissue differs from other muscle tissue in that? |
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Definition
| calcium ions interact with calmodulin to trigger muscle contraction |
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Term
| Smooth muscle contractions in the respiratory passageways would cause? |
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Definition
| increased resistance to air flow |
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Term
| Layers of smooth muscle in the reproductive tract of the female are important in? |
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Definition
| movement of sperm if present |
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Term
| Muscle contraction occurs as a result of? |
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Definition
| the interconnecting filaments that make up the Z lines |
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Term
| The area of the A band in the sarcomere consists of? |
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Definition
| M line, H band, zone of overlap |
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Term
| The order of the sequential-cyclic reactions that occur at an active site during cross-bridging is? |
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Definition
| attach, pivot, detach, return |
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Term
| Excitation-contraction coupling forms the link between? |
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Definition
| electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of a contraction |
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Term
| When Ca++ binds to troponin, it produces a change by? |
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Definition
| exposing the active site on the thin filaments |
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Term
| The phases of a single twitch in sequential order include? |
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Definition
| latent period, contraction phase, relaxation phase |
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Term
| After contraction, a muscle fiber returns to its original length through? |
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Definition
| elastic forces and the movement of opposing muscles |
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Term
| A muscle producing peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of reaching complete tetanus is obtained by? |
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Definition
| increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated |
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Term
| The total force exerted by a muscle as a whole depends on? |
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Definition
| the rate of stimulation, how many motor units are activated, and the number of calcium ions released |
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Term
| The primary energy reserves found in the skeletal muscle cells are? |
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Definition
| ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen |
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Term
| The two mechanisms used to generate ATP from glucose are? |
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Definition
| aerobic respiration and anaerobic glycolysis |
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Term
| In anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid, which is converted to? |
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Definition
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Term
| The maintainance of normal body temperature is dependent upon? |
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Definition
| the production of energy by muscles |
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Term
| Growth hormone from the pituitary gland and the male sex hormone, testosterone, stimulate: |
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Definition
| synthesis of contractile proteins and the enlargement of skeletal muscles |
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Term
| The hormone responsible for stimulating muscle metabolism and increasing the force of contraction during a sudden crisis is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of skeletal muscle fibers that have low fatigue resistance are? |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of an activity that requires anaerobic endurance is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Athletes training to develp anaerobic endurance perform? |
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Definition
| frequent, brief, intensive workouts |
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Term
| The major support that the muscular system gets from the cardiovascular system is? |
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Definition
| nutrient and oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal |
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