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Chapter 10 Muscle Test Review
Anatomy and Physiology - Comas - WBHS
50
Anatomy
11th Grade
10/16/2008

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Term
Muscle tissue consists of cells that are highly specialized for the function of what?
Definition
excitability, contractibility, and extensibility
Term
The three types of muscle tissue are?
Definition
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Term
Skeletal muscles are often called voluntary muscles because?
Definition
they contract when stimulated by motor neurons of the central nervous system
Term
The smallest functional unity of the muscle fiber is?
Definition
sarcomere
Term
Nerves and blood vessels are contained within the connective tissues of the?
Definition
epimysium and perimysium
Term
The thin filaments consist of?
Definition
a pair of protein strands together to form chains of actin molecules
Term
The thick filaments consist of?
Definition
a helical array of myosin molecules
Term
All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a what?
Definition
motor unit
Term
The reason there is less precise control over leg muscles compared to the muscles of the eye is?
Definition
many muscle fibers are controlled by a single motor neuron
Term
The sliding filament theory explains that the physical change that takes place during contraction is?
Definition
the THIN filaments are sliding toward the center of the sarcomere alongside the THICK filaments
Term
Troponin and tropomyosin are two proteins taht can prevent the contractile process by?
Definition
covering the active site and blocking the actin-myosin interaction
Term
The amount of tension produced by an individual muscle fiber ultimately depends on the?
Definition
number of pivoting cross-bridges
Term
Skeletal muscle fibers contract most forcefully when stimulated over a?
Definition
narrow range of resting lengths
Term
The amount of tension produced in the skeletal muscle as a whole is determined by the
Definition
internal tension produced by the stimulated muscle fibers,
external tension produced by the stimulated muscle fibers,
total number of muscle fibers stimulated
Term
Peak tension production occurs when all motor units in the muscle contract in a state of?
Definition
complete tetanus
Term
In an isotonic contraction..?
Definition
the cross-bridges must produce enough tension to overcome the resistance
Term
In an isometric contraction...?
Definition
tension rises but the length of the muscle remains constant
Term
A high blood concentration of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) usually indicates?
Definition
serious muscle damage
Term
Mitochrondrial activites are relatively efficient, but their rate of ATP generation is limited by?
Definition
the availability of oxygen
Term
Of the following selections, the one that has been correlated with muscel fatigue is?
Definition
a decline in pH within the muscle altering enzyme activities
Term
During the recovery period, the body's oxygen demand is?
Definition
ELEVATED above normal resting levels
Term
The three major types of skeletal muscle fibers in the human body are?
Definition
slow, intermediate, fast
Term
Extensive blood vessels, mitochondria, and myoglobin are found in the greatest concentration in?
Definition
slow fibers
Term
The length of time a muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities is referred to as?
Definition
aerobic endurance
Term
Altering the characteristics of muscle fibers and improving the performance of the cardiovascular system results in improving?
Definition
aerobic endurance
Term
The type of muscle tissue that does NOT contain sarcomeres is?
Definition
smooth
Term
Structurally, smooth muscle cells differ from skeletal muscle cells because smooth muscle cells?
Definition
lack myofibrils and sarcomeres
Term
Smooth muscle tissue differs from other muscle tissue in that?
Definition
calcium ions interact with calmodulin to trigger muscle contraction
Term
Smooth muscle contractions in the respiratory passageways would cause?
Definition
increased resistance to air flow
Term
Layers of smooth muscle in the reproductive tract of the female are important in?
Definition
movement of sperm if present
Term
Muscle contraction occurs as a result of?
Definition
the interconnecting filaments that make up the Z lines
Term
The area of the A band in the sarcomere consists of?
Definition
M line, H band, zone of overlap
Term
The order of the sequential-cyclic reactions that occur at an active site during cross-bridging is?
Definition
attach, pivot, detach, return
Term
Excitation-contraction coupling forms the link between?
Definition
electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of a contraction
Term
When Ca++ binds to troponin, it produces a change by?
Definition
exposing the active site on the thin filaments
Term
The phases of a single twitch in sequential order include?
Definition
latent period, contraction phase, relaxation phase
Term
After contraction, a muscle fiber returns to its original length through?
Definition
elastic forces and the movement of opposing muscles
Term
A muscle producing peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in?
Definition
incomplete tetanus
Term
The process of reaching complete tetanus is obtained by?
Definition
increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated
Term
The total force exerted by a muscle as a whole depends on?
Definition
the rate of stimulation, how many motor units are activated, and the number of calcium ions released
Term
The primary energy reserves found in the skeletal muscle cells are?
Definition
ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen
Term
The two mechanisms used to generate ATP from glucose are?
Definition
aerobic respiration and anaerobic glycolysis
Term
In anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid, which is converted to?
Definition
lactic acid
Term
The maintainance of normal body temperature is dependent upon?
Definition
the production of energy by muscles
Term
Growth hormone from the pituitary gland and the male sex hormone, testosterone, stimulate:
Definition
synthesis of contractile proteins and the enlargement of skeletal muscles
Term
The hormone responsible for stimulating muscle metabolism and increasing the force of contraction during a sudden crisis is?
Definition
epinephrine
Term
The type of skeletal muscle fibers that have low fatigue resistance are?
Definition
fast fibers
Term
An example of an activity that requires anaerobic endurance is?
Definition
a 50-yard dash
Term
Athletes training to develp anaerobic endurance perform?
Definition
frequent, brief, intensive workouts
Term
The major support that the muscular system gets from the cardiovascular system is?
Definition
nutrient and oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal
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