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Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology / Tortora 10th ed.
51
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/01/2009

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Term
molecules
Definition
two or more atoms joined together. (i.e.) carbon (C), or hydrogen (H)
Term
atoms
Definition
the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Term
cells
Definition
the basic structural and functional units of an organism
Term
Name the Eleven Systems of the Human Body
Definition
Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardio, Lymphatic and Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, & Reproductive
Term
Organs
Definition
Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues
Term
system
Definition
consists of related organs that have a common function
Term
organism
Definition
any living individual
Term

Integumentary System

 

1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

Components: Skin, and the structures derived from it, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands

 

Functions: Protects the body: helps regulate body temp., eliminates wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations

Term

Cardiovascular System


1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

Components - Blood, heart, and blood vessels.

 

Functions - heart pumps blood, carbon / oxygen cycle , helps regulate acid/base balance, temp., and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels.

Term

Muscular System


1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

Components - Muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue (usually attached to bones).

 

Functions - Produces body movements, such as walking, stabilized body poture, and generates heat.

Term

Skeletal System


1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

Components - bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages

 

Functions - supports and protects the body; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats)

Term

Nervous System

 

1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

Components - Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as the eye and ear.

 

Functions - Generates action potentials (nerve impulses), detects changes, interprets the changes and responds with muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

Term

Endocrine System


1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

Components - Hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, & testes), and hormone producing cells in several other organs.

 

Function - regulates body activites by releasing hormones (from an endocrine gland to a target organ).

Term

Lymphatic & Immune System


1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

Components - lymphatic fluid and vessels; also incl. spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.

 

Functions - returns proteins to blood; carries lipids from gi tract to blood; includes structures where lymphoctytes that protect against disease-causing organisms mature and proliferate.

Term

Respiratory System

 

1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

components - lungs and air passageways such as the pharyns (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of them.

 

functions - oxygen / carbon dioxide transfer; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; sound production

Term

Digestive System

 

1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

Components - organs of the gi tract, incl., the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus: also incl. salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

 

Functions - phusical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.

Term

Urinary System

 

1 - Components

 

2 - Functions

Definition

 components - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

 

functions - produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.

Term

Reproductive Systems

 

1 - components

 

2 - functions

Definition

components - gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and epididymis, ductus deferens, and penis in males.

 

functions - gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes: associated organs transport and store gametes.

Term
palpation
Definition
the examiner feels body surfaces with the hands.
Term
auscultation
Definition
the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
Term
metabolism
Definition
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
Term
catabolism
Definition
one phase of metabolism; the breaking down of complex chemical substances into simpler ones.
Term
anabolism
Definition
the other phase of metabolism; the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler ones.
Term
What are the six most important life processes of the human body?
Definition
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
Term
differentiation
Definition
the process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the codition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment; a dynamic consistency.
Term

interstitial fluid

 

ICF

Definition
the fluid within cells
Term

extracellular fluid

 

ECF

Definition

the fluid outside body cells.

 

dissolved in the water of ICF and ECF are oxygen, nutrients, proteins, and a variety of ions.

Term
interstitial fluid
Definition
the ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
Term
blood plasma
Definition
the ECF within blood vessels
Term
lymph
Definition
the ECF within lymphatic vessels
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
the ECF within and around the brain & spinal cord
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
ECF in joints
Term

aqueous humor

or

vitreous body

Definition
the ECF in the eyes
Term
receptor
Definition

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

input = nerve impulses, or chemical signals.

Term
Control Center
Definition
receives the input and provides output
Term
disorder
Definition
any derangement or abnormality of function
Term
disease
Definition
a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
Term
epidemiology
Definition
the science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community.
Term
prone
Definition
the body is lying face down.
Term
supine
Definition
the body is lying face up
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
Term

frontal or coronal

plane

Definition
divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Term
transverse plane
Definition
divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.
Term
oblique plane
Definition
passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane. *an angled plane.
Term
medial
Definition
nearer to the midline.
Term
lateral
Definition
farther from the midline.
Term
proximal
Definition
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
Term

deep 

is the opposite of

superficial

Definition

deep: away from the surface of the body.

 

superficial: toward or on the surface of the body.

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