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Chapter 1-4
Study Guide for Exam
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/12/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the definitions of anatomy and physiology
Definition
Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function.  Together they study the complementarity of structure and function
Term
What are the levels of structural organization
Definition

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system & organismal

 

Chemical- atoms and molecules

Cellular- organelle and smooth muscle cell

Tissue- smooth muscle tissue

Organ- blood vessel

Organ system- cardiovascular system

Organismal- Human

Term
What are the 11 organ systems, and their main functions & main organs
Definition

Integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, urinary & reproductive

 

I- nails, skin & hair

S- bones and joints

M- skeletal muscles

E- thyroid gland, thymus, ,adrenal gland, pancreas ovaries and testis

N- Brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors

C- heart and blood vessels

R- lungs, bronchus, larynx, trachea, pharynx & nasal cavity

D-oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small & large intestine & rectum anus

L-red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen & lymph nodes

Term
What are the differences between positive and negative feedback
Definition

Negative is the most predominate in nature.  Two examples of it are: when the body is cold-it shivers, when the body is hot-it sweats. Negative has afferent and efferent pathways.

Positive feed back is best given by the example: a break or tear occurs in a blood vessel, platlets adhere to the surface and release a chemical, the chemical attracts more platlets, the chemical feedback ends when a plug is formed.  Another example of positive feedback is contractions during child birth, the chemical oxytoxan stimulates more frequent contractions

Term
Go through each of the anatomical positions
Definition
Read through Ch. 1 flashcards
Term
Define what appendicular and axial positions are and give an example
Definition

Appendicular- limbs (cranal, bachial, femoral & antebrachial)

Axial- head, torso (coxal, cephalic, umbilical, pelvic, epigastric region)

Term
Name all nine abdomino pelvic regions
Definition
l/r hypochondriac, epigastric, l/r lumbar, umbilical, l/r iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pelvic)
Term
Name all of the abdominopelvic quadrants
Definition
Upper l/r quadrant, lower l/r quadrant
Term
What region is the gallbladder located in most human displays
Definition
R hypochondriac
Term
What region is the cecum most often located on human displays
Definition
R iliac
Term
What region is the small intestine most often located in human displays
Definition
Umbilical
Term
Describe the pH scale
Definition

Basic 8-14

Neutral 7

Acidic 1-6

Term
How do buffers work
Definition
Buffers resist any adjustments of pH in a system.  If a system increases in pH, then a buffer will dissociate H cations in order to decrease the pH.  If a systems pH decreases to acidic conditions, it will recapture H cations in order to form a weak acid.
Term
What are the four major biochemicals, macromolecules, their functions and composition
Definition

Carbohydrates- sugars and starches provide energy for the cell (monosaccharide (1), polysaccharide (10 or more), glucose, lactose & starch)

Lipids- triglycerides, phospholipids & steriods function to store energy, form strucutral membranes, hormones, bile salts and formation of cholestoral

Protein- hemoglobin, myosin, actin, enzymes, antibodies and they function as transport, movement, structure, defense and catalysts

Nucleic acids- sugar, base, phosphate

Term
How do proteins denature
Definition
radiation, increase in temperature, harsh chemmicals and extreme pH
Term
What are enzymes, and what is their function
Definition

All enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes and function by increasing the chemical metabolic reaction without being consumed in the process

 

typically end in -ase

Term
How is ATP synthesized and hydrolyzed
Definition
Hydrolysis will remove an phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate.  Dehydration will add a radical phosphate to adenosine diphosphate to form ATP
Term
What is the fluidic model
Definition
Since a phospholipid bilayer is composed of a polar (hydrophillic) and non polar (hydrophobic) head, it has a very fluidic nature to it-constantly moving in order to maintain its properties in the presence of water.  Furthermore, their are integral proteins that are lodged/anchored into the fluidic phospholipid bilayer to aid in stability and structure.  These proteins will often have glycoproteins-receptor proteins too.
Term
What are microvilli
Definition
Microvilli are finger-like structures that are present in the small and large intestine.  Their purpose is to increase the surface area of these organ systems in order to retrieve nutrients in the most efficient way.
Term
What are tight junctions
Definition
These are suction like proteins that attach cell membranes together in order to form a seal tight bond.  These seals dont allow any molecules to be transferred across the membrane.  They are very prevelant in the stomach lining in order to prevent stomach leakage.
Term
What are desmosomes
Definition
These resemble zippers.  The other parts that are incorporated with these are plaques (bases), linkage proteins (zipper arms), intermediate filaments that extend from the plaque, and the intercellular space.  Very prevelant in the heart, skin and muscle.  The prevent cell sheets from tearing due to mechanical stress
Term
What are gap junctions
Definition
These are proteins made from connexons, that attach cell membranes together but also have channels capable of transferring rapid information and nutrients cell to cell.  These are very prevelant in excitable tissue like the heart and smooth muscle- they need to be in sync
Term
What is this protein synthesizing machinery in protein synthesis
Definition
The ribosome
Term
What brings aminmo acids to the ribosome & mRNA complex
Definition
tRNA (transfer RNA)
Term
What unwinds the DNA & what binds to the DNA and forms complementary RNA nucleotides
Definition
RNA polymerase
Term
What happens in G1 phase
Definition
structures are duplicated
Term
What happens in S phase
Definition
This is the synthesis phase, and DNA is replicated
Term
What happens in G2 phase
Definition
More structural duplication occurs, this is the final preparation before mitosis
Term
What is interphase
Definition
G1, S, G2 phases
Term
Replicated DNA is conservative or semi conservative
Definition
semi conservative
Term
What are the stages of mitosis
Definition
prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase
Term
Which cells do not undergo mitosis, or any cell replication
Definition
RBC, nervous cells, muscle, cardiac & skeletal cells
Term
Name specific physical properties that happen in interphase
Definition
Chromatin is condensed, nuclear envelope intact & centrioles (two pairs)
Term
What specific physical properties happen during prophase
Definition
Initial spindle fibers from centrioles, nuclear envelope still intact, sister chromatids are formed and have a centromere
Term
What specific physical properties happen at metaphase
Definition
Sister chromatids begin to line up along metaplate, nucear envelope is broken, spindle fibers stretch from pole to pole
Term
What specific physical properties happen during anaphase
Definition
the daughter chromosomes split and travel to each pole
Term
What specific physical properties happen during telophase and cytokinesis
Definition
Cleavage furrow, nuclear envelope begins to come together, nucleolus forming
Term
What are the four major types of tissue
Definition
epithelial, nervous, connective and muscle
Term
What do the four major types of tissues do
Definition

Epithelial- forms a boundary from external environment, protects, secretes, absorbs & filters

Nervous- internal communication

Muscle- contracts to cause movement

Connective- supports while connecting other tissue together

Term
Where are epithelial tissue found, and what do they do
Definition

They are found throughout the entire body, on organ lining, lining of organal cavities, hollow organs & major tissue glands

 

Remember, they protect, absorb, secrete a help in filtration

Term
'What are some important aspects of epithelial cells mentioned in class
Definition

Their basal site (base) is polar, the appical site is on top, they are supported always by connective tissue, they are constantly regenerating, and are avascular (meaning they get no blood)

 

Term
What do simple squamos epithelium cells look like and what are their functions
Definition

Single layer, flat disc with nuclei and little to zero cytoplasm

 

They function in surface covering, absorbtion, filtration and secreting lubricating substances in serosae (serous membrane-linings of thoracic cavities)

Term
What do simple cuboidal epithelium cells look like and what is their function
Definition

They are single layer cubes with centrally spherical nuclei

and function in secretion and absorption- located in glands and ducts

Term
What do simple columnar epithelium cells look like and what do they function as
Definition

Single layer of tall, elongated cells with round-oval nuclei:

Ciliated-transport

Nonciliated-protects underlying tissue

Microvilli-absorbs nutrients

Goblet cells- secretes mucus

An example would be the digestive tract

Term
What do psuedostratified epithelium look like and what is their function
Definition

They are elongated cells that appear to be layered, but their nuclei do not align

They function in secretion and movement of mucus like in the trachea

Term
What do stratified squamos epithelium look like and what is their function
Definition

They are several layers of squamos cells, that are often kertinized-(layers that continually replicated because of scratching off)

Their function is to protect, this is an example of skin, esophageal lining

Term
Statified cuboidal and columnar epithelium cells look like and what is their function
Definition
Layers of cubodial and columnar cells, and function as lining of lumenal spaces (inner membranes of arterial internal vessels)
Term
What do transitional epithelium look like and what is their function
Definition
transitional epithelium look like cubodial cells that have distension properties, meaning they an expand when neccesary, and located in lining of the urniary bladder.
Term
what are the two types of glandular epithelia
Definition
endocrine (into tissue fluids or blood) and exocrine (secrete into ducts that open to outside surfaces)
Term
Give examples of unicellular and multicellular exocrine glands
Definition

unicellular- goblet cells that produce mucin which forms mucus

multicellular- merocrine, holocrine (explosion of cells)

Term
Types of connective tissue
Definition

Loose connective- areolar, adipose & reticular

Dense connective- dense regular, dense irregular & elastic

cartilage

bone

blood

Term
How do degrees of vascularity apply to connective tissue
Definition
Some have a lot of blood flow while others do not-if you break a bone, a lot of blood will flow
Term
What is extracellular matrix
Definition
non-living, majority of tissue is matrix (made of a ground substance & fibers)
Term
what are main structures of extracellular matrix
Definition
interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and substances that affect the vicosity of the ground state
Term
What are the three types of fibers
Definition
collagenous (thick straps), elastic (thin but very stretchy) and reticular (branch like)
Term
Name the primary blast cells and mature cells for cartilage, bone and blood
Definition

chondroblast-chondrocytes

osteoblast-osteocytes

hematopoietic stem cell-blood cell

Term
give the structure, function and location of areolar tissue
Definition

structure: contains all three fibers (collagenous, elastic and reticular), fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells & white blood cells

Function: holds organs together, binds them and holds tissue fluids

Location: beneath epithelium cells & between muscle cells

Term
What is the structure, function and location of adipose tissues
Definition

contains all three fibers but sparsely, and adipocytes

function: energy stoage and insulation

location:beneath skin, abdomen, breasts

Term
what is the structure, function & location of reticular
Definition

large branched collagenous fibers

function: forms stroma that spport internal organs like liver and spleen (3D framework)

location: lymph nodes, bone marrow

Term
Dense regular tissue
Definition
Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses
Term
Dense irregular connective tissue
Definition

collagenous fibers with some elastic and fibroblast

form joints

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