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Chap 26 pt 1
urinary system on test 4
66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/07/2012

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Term
8 funcitons of kidney
Definition
  1. reulation of blood ionic composition
  2. regulation of blood ph
  3. regulation of blood volume
  4. regulation of blood pressure
  5. maintenance of blood osmolarity
  6. produciton of hormones
  7. regulation of blood glucose levels
  8. extretion of waste
Term
regulation of blood ionic composition
Definition
regulates blood levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and phosphate.
Term
regulation of blood ph
Definition
excrete hydrogen ions into the urine and conserve bicarbonate ions.
Term
regulation of blood volume
Definition
conserve or eliminate water as necessary
Term
regulation of blood pressure
Definition
will help regulate by secreteing an enzyme rennin.
Term
maintnance of blood osmolarity
Definition
regulate the loss of water and solutes in the urine maintaining a 300 milliosmal(amount of particles in the blood) per liter ratio
Term
production of hormones
Definition
produces calcitriol and erthropotetin
Term
regulation of blood glucose levels
Definition

use amino acid, glutamine to make glucose molecules

Term
excretion of waste
Definition
excrete waste in urine
Term
anatomy of kidneys
Definition
2 of them, redish, retroperitoneal, protected by 11th and 12th rib. 4-5 in long. Looks like a bar of soap
Term
renal hyland
Definition

is the indention on the concave surface where the vessels emerge.

Term
renal capsule
Definition
- is the deep layer of dense irrectular ct outer layer that is a protective barrier.
Term
adipose capsule
Definition
middle layer, mass of fatty tissue that surrounds the kidney itself to protect the kidney from trauma.
Term
renal facia
Definition

superficial layer that attaches the kidney to the abdominal wall.

Term
renal cortex
Definition
more superficial area
Term
renal medulla
Definition

– more deep layer that consist of renal pyramids.

 

Term
renal pyramids
Definition
pyramid shaped
Term
renal colums
Definition
regions of the cortex that separate each pyrmaid
Term
nephrons
Definition
functional unit of the kidney. Where urine formation occurs
Term
major/ minor calyces
Definition
 8-18 minor calyces per kidney. 2-3 major calyces per kidney. Cup like structures that receive urine from the renal papilea
Term
renal pelvis
Definition
single large cavity that becomes the ureter
Term
blood volume in kidneys
Definition
20%-25%
Term
renal arteries
Definition
enter the kidneys off of the abdominal aorta and continue to divide until they form the afferent arterial.
Term
glomerulus
Definition
tangled ball of capllaries
Term
afferent / efferent arterioles
Definition
takes blood in and out of glomerulus
Term
renal nerves
Definition
originate in renal ganglia which supplies sympathetic stimulation to regulate the flow of blood through the kidney by causing vaso constriction or  dialation of renal arteries
Term
nephron
Definition
functional unit of the kidney does 2 things: filters blood plasma the filtered fluid get removed as urine. There are about a million per kidney.
Term
glomerular(bowman's) capsule
Definition
 double walled epethilum cup that surrounds the glomerulus. Blood plasma is filtered here and the filtered fluid will enter the renal tubules. 
Term
proximal convulted tuble (PCT)
Definition
attached to the glomerulus 
Term
Loop of henle
Definition
connect the proximal and distal convoluted tubles. Starts in the cortex, goes into the medulla and goes back to the cortex.
Term
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Definition
tightly coiled tube that is not connected to the bowman’s capsule.
Term
Collecting dut
Definition
the area where several distal convoluted tubules empty their urine
Term
capillary duct
Definition

area where collecting duct drains its urine and it connects to minor calyces

Term
glomularis capsule histology
Definition

is a modified simple squamous epithilium that forms 2 layers:

  1. outer layer-parietal layer
  2. visceral layer(inner layer)- called a potocyte

 

Term
renal duct and PCT histology
Definition
simple cuboidal cells with a brush boarder for reabsobrton and secrtion
Term
loop of henle histology
Definition
combination of simple squamous others simple cuboidal.
Term
collecting duct histology
Definition

simple cuboidal and simple columnar

Term
DCT histology
Definition

cuboidal cells, 2 types:

·      principle cells- have receptors for hormone adh and aldosterone.

·      intercollated cells - are cells that are involved in the homeostatsis of blood ph.

Term
principle cells of DCT
Definition
Have receptors for hormones adh and aldosterone
Term
intercollated cells of DCT
Definition
cells that are involoved in the homeostatsis of blood ph
Term
renal physiology
Definition

 purpose is to produce urine and elimenate body waste. It is done in 3 ways:

  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
Term
glomerular filtration
Definition
where water and solutes in blood plasma move out of glomerular capalaries and into renal tubules.
Term
tubular reabsortpion
Definition
where tubular cells reabsorb 99% of filtered water and useful solutes. The water and solutes will be returned to the blood.
Term
tubular secertion
Definition
where the tubules and duct cells secrete waste, drugs and excess ions into the fluid.
Term
glomerular filtration
Definition

the fluid that enters into the capsules from the glomerulus

Term
filtration fraction
Definition
the fraction of blood plasma in the afferent arteriole
Term
how much of glomerular filtration will be returned to the blood stream via tubles?
Definition

99%

160-180 liter of fluid at the end of the train urine is 1-2 liters

Term
filtration membrane
Definition
leaky barrier that is formed by the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and podocytes that encircle the capillares. It allows filtration of water and small solutes but prevents filtration of blood cells, platelets, and most plasma proteins.
Term
3 layers of filtration membrane
Definition
  1. glomerular endothelial cells
  2. basal lamina
  3. filtration slits in podocytes
Term
glomerular endothelial cells
Definition
leaky membrane with large fenestrations that will allow everything out except blood cells and platelets.
Term
basal lamina
Definition
made up of collagen fibers and it prevents the filtration of large plasma proteins. Without this layer they would be able to get out
Term
filatration slits in podocytes
Definition
these allow the passage of water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, small plasma proteins, ammonia, urea, and ions.
Term
net filtration pressure
Definition

is 10 mm of mercury. 55 mm of mercury that promotes filtration and 45 mm of mercury pushing against it.

depends on 3 different pressure:

Term
3 pressures that effect net filtration
Definition
  1. glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)
  2. Capsular hydrostatic pressure
  3. Blood colloid osmotice pressure
Term
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)
Definition
pressure in the glomerularis that promotes filtration, it is equal to our blood pressure. Typically 55 mm of mercury.
Term
capsular hydrostatic pressure
Definition
 pressure against filtration caused by the fluid that’s already in the capsuler space and creates a back pressure of 15 mm of mecury.
Term
blood colloid osmotic pressure
Definition
pressure opposing filtration from the presence of plasma proteins in the filtrate. 30 mm of mercury
Term
glomerular filtration rate
Definition
amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles in both kidneys each minute.
Term
if glomerular filatration rate is to high and low
Definition

if too high substances pass too quickly through the tubules and are lost in urine

 

if too low substances pass too slowly through tubules and nearly all the filtrate may be reabsorpted and no wast will be excreted

Term
2 type of renal autoregulation of GFR
Definition
  1. myogenic mechanism
  2. tubular glomarular feedback
Term
myogenic mechanism
Definition
when stretching of afferent arteriole triggers contraction of smooth muscle of afferent arterole the result is decreasing the flow into the glomerulus thus decreasing GFR
Term
tubular glomarular feedback
Definition

·      macula densa cells detect an increase in GFR these cells secrete nitric oxide causing vasodialation thus decrease GFR

Term
neural regulation of GFR
Definition
sympathetic autonomic fibers release norepinephrine causing vasoconstriction in the smooth muscle of the afferent arterial. With great sympathetic stimulation (exercise or hemorrhaging) vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole will increase constriction efferent arteriole so blood will not leave. It keeps blood in the blood stream instead of in the kidneys.
Term
2 hormones involved in GFR
Definition
  1. Angiotensin 2
  2. atrial naturetic peptide (ANP)
Term
Angiotensin 2
Definition
reduces GFR
Term
atrial naturetic peptide (ANP)
Definition
Increases GFR
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