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Chap 24 pt 2
digestive system on test 4
92
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/07/2012

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Term
mouth
Definition
is covered externally by skin and internally by non keratinized stratified squamous for protection and mucus membrane.
Term
salivary gland
Definition
releases a secretion called saliva into the oral cavity when you are not eating the secretions are only enough to moisten your mouth. When food enters the secretions increase and they lubracate, dissolving and breaking down the food. You have numerous salivary glands but the 3 major ones
Term
3 major salivary glands
Definition

sublingal

parotid

submandibular

Term
compostion of saliva
Definition

99.5% water and 0.5% solutes which are: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate ,and phosphate. Immunoglobulin A, the enzyme lysozyme, and salvalary anaylase.

Term
salavary anaylase
Definition

found in saliva

enzyme that starts the breakdown of startch

Bicarbonate and phosphate ions- buffer the acidic food.

Term
Immunoglobulin A
Definition

found in saliva

prevents attachment of microbes so they can’t enter the epithilum of the digestive tract.

Term
lysozyme
Definition

found in saliva

kills bacteria

Term
salivation
Definition

secretion of saliva. Controlled by autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic promotes secretion and the amount secreted. Sympathetic stimulation decreases salivation.

Term
how salvation works
Definition
Chemoreceptors in the mouth send impulses to the posterior and inferior salivary nuclei. The impulses from the brain will be sent by parasympathetic fibers to the facial and glossalphyngeal nerves, stimulation salvation.
Term
tongue
Definition

an accessory organ, made of skeletal muscle and mucus membrane, 2 types of mucles:

extrensic

intrensic

Term
extrensic muscles of the tongue
Definition
move tounge from side to side and in and out to manuverfood for chewing and manuver food to back of throat.
Term
intrensic muscles of tongue
Definition
alter shape and size of tongue
Term
lingual frenulum
Definition

Holds tongue to floor of mouth to limit posterior movement, aka stops you from swallowing tongue.

Term
papillae
Definition

lamina procrea covered by stratisfied squamous epithelium. They contain taste buds and receptors for taste and touch, as well as create friction on the food.

Term
teeth
Definition

the crown is the visual portion above the gums.

Term
gums
Definition

·      are called gingival

Term
roots
Definition
1-3 per tooth and are embedded in the aviorlar sockets of the mandible and maxilla. They are held in by periodontal ligament. When children loos teeth these roots break.
Term
neck
Definition
junction between crown and roots.
Term
dentin
Definition
majority of the inside of the tooth, mostly calcified CT.
Term
enamel
Definition
visual portion you see of the tooth and cover of crown, made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
Term
mastication
Definition
chewing food
Term
bolus
Definition

soft flexible mass of chewed food that will be swallowed.

Term
mechanical digestion in the mouth
Definition
Food is manipulated by tongue, ground by teeth and mixed b saliva forming a bolus
Term
chemical digestion in the mouth
Definition

done by 2 enzymes

  • salivary amylase
  • lingual lipase
Term
salivary amylase
Definition
secreted in mouth intiates break down of startches
Term
lingual lipase
Definition
secreted in mouth.active only in an acidic environment and only works in the stomach. Break down triglycerides into fatty acids. Is not acive in mouth, it is not activated till its ph is right.
Term
parynx
Definition
Term
pharynx
Definition

composed of skeletal muscles and lined with mucus membrane, the skeletal muscle moves the food to the esophagus. Consist of 3 parts:

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharnx

Term
esophagus
Definition

collapsible posterior tube, close to the non keratinized stratified squamous, areolar CT, and smooth muscle

Term
top 1/3rd of larynx is made of?
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
lower 2/3rds are made of?
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
upper esophageal sphincter
Definition

regulates the movement of food from pharynx into esophagus

Term
lower esophageal sphincter
Definition

regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach

Term
physiology of the esophagus
Definition
secretes mucus and contracts to move food to the stomach, no digestion and no absorption.
Term
deglutition
Definition
act of swallowing. Begins with bolus being forced to back of the throat, the bolus in the back of the throat stimulates receptors sending signals or impulses to the deglutition center in he medulla and palms. Motor response back from the bain stem causes the soft palate and uvula  to move up, as well as the epiglottis closing of the larynx.
Term
periastosus
Definition
is coordinated contraction and relaxation of the muscularis muscle that push the bolus down to the esophagus.
Term
stomach
Definition

connects the esophagus and duodenum.

Term
function of stomach
Definition

·      storage and mixing chamber for food as out eating rate is much greater than our digestion and absorption rate.

o   Food is moved into the duodenum in intervals

o   Digestion of starch continues here(starts in mouth)

o   Digestion of proteins and trigylicerides begins here.

Term
4 layers of stomach
Definition

o   mucosa

o   submucosa

o   muscularis

o   serosa

Term
gastric glands
Definition
secreting glands that form gastric pits, secretions from the glands flow into the pits to help break down food. We have 5 types of cells in these glands
Term
5 types of cells in gastric glands
Definition
  1. surface mucus
  2. neck mucus cells
  3. periatal cells
  4. cheif cells
  5. g cells
Term
surface mucus cells of gastric glands
Definition

o   secrete mucus to keep it wet. They are on the surface of the pits

Term
neck mucus cells of gastric glands
Definition
they secrete mucus, keep it wet. Half way in the pit.
Term
periatal cells of gastric glands
Definition
secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor(component that allows for b 12 absorption)
Term
chief cells of gastric glands
Definition
pepsinagen(breaks down protein) and gastric lipase(breaks down lipids)
Term
g cells of gastric glands
Definition

o   secretes the hormone gastrin, which stimulates all gastric activity

o   .

Term
mechanical digestion of stomach
Definition

2 ways the stomach works mixing waves and gastric empting

Term
mixing waves of stomach
Definition
are gentle, rippling, peristaltic movements that occur every 15-25 seconds. Peristaltic is coordinated contraction and relaxation of the muscle layers. Mixing the food with those secretions. Till the bolus forms chyme, which is a liquid.
Term
gastric emptying
Definition
as food reaches the pylorus 3 ml of chyme is released into the duodenum at each interval. Food may remain in the fundus of the stomach for a bout an hour without being mixed with any of our gastric juices.
Term
HCL acid
Definition

(stomach)

·      secretions are stimulated by parasympathetic neurons, gastron hormones, and histamine. The HCL functions to make the stomach contents very acidic which kills microbes.

Term
pepsin
Definition

(stomach)

·      protein digesting enzyme in the stomach and it starts protein digestion and only becomes activated in the presence of HCL acid.

Term
gastric lipase
Definition

(stomach)

splits triglycerides into fatty acids. Very little absorbtion of nutrients are absorbed in the stomache, a few that are include water, ions, alcholol, drugs like asprin.

Term
how long after eating will it take for the stomach to be empty
Definition
2-4 hrs
Term
which type of molecule spends the least amount of time in stomach?
Definition
carbs, then proteins, then lipids.
Term
pancreas
Definition

part of the accessory digestive system and helps digestion in the small intestine.

Term
anatomy of pancreas
Definition

3 parts:

  1. head
  2. body
  3. tail
Term
head of pancreas
Definition
wrapped in duodenum
Term
tail of pancreas
Definition
extends to spleen
Term
ducts of pancreas
Definition

2 major ones connect to duodenum and dump pancreatic juices into the stomach.

  1. pancreatic duct
  2. accesory duct
Term
pancreatic duct
Definition
larger and joins with the common bile duct and enters the duodenum.
Term
accessory duct of pancreas
Definition
smaller and opens into the duodenum superior to the pancreatic duct
Term
histology of pancreas
Definition
99% is made of grandular epithelium called asini cells the other 1 % is the islet of langherhans. Asini cells make and secrete pancreatic juice and dump it into the duodenum.
Term
99% of pancreas is made of?
Definition
grandular epitelium called asini cells that make and secrete pancreatic juice and dump it into the duodenum
Term
1% of the pancreas is made up of?
Definition
the islet of langherhans
Term
composition of pancreatic juice
Definition
  • clear, colorless liquid.
  • consist mostly of water, salt, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes.
  • slightly alkaline at a ph of 7.1-8.2.

 

Term
sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice
Definition
function is to make it alkaline and also stops the action of pepsin and creates the proper ph for digestive enzymes in the small intestine.
Term
pancreatic amylase in pancreatic juice
Definition

·      it digest starch and carbs

Term
tripsen in pancreatic juice
Definition
breaks down protein
Term
chymotrypsen in pancreatic juice
Definition
breaks down protein
Term
elastase in pancreatic juice
Definition
breaks down protein
Term
pancreatic lipase in pancreatic juice
Definition
breaks down lipids
Term
Ribonuclease and deoxyrobonuclease in pancreatic juice
Definition
breaks down rna and dna
Term
liver
Definition

heavies gland in the body, weighs about 3 lbs

3 components:

  1. hepatocyte
  2. bile canalculi
  3. hepatic sinusoids
Term
hypatocyte
Definition
 functional cells of the liver and perform main metabolic, secratory, and endocrine functions. Make up 80% of liver and are a site for bile formation.
Term
bile canaliculi
Definition
small duct between hepatocytes that collect bile. They form the common hepatdic duct which leaves the liver and joins the cystic duct of gall bladder
Term
hepatic sinusoids
Definition
highly permeable blood capillaries between hepatocytes. They contain phagocytes which destroy worn out WBC, RBC, bacteria and other foreign matter from the gi tract.
Term
bile
Definition
hepatocytes make about a quart of bile a day. Bile is yellow to olive green liquid with a ph between 7.6- 8.6. made of mostly water, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments
Term
bile in terms of digestion
Definition
function is to help absorb dietary fat. It is partially a expiatory waste product and part as a digestive secretion. The digestion portion of bile is are bile salts which consist of  sodium salts and potassium salts. Bile secretions increases when digestion and absorption is happening
Term
billirubin
Definition

·      principle bile pigment. Formed when rbc are phagocitized the iron and globin are recycled. The bilirubin is secreted into the bile and broken down in the intestines. This is what gives our color to our feces.

Term
9 functions of the liver
Definition
  1. carbohydrate metabolism
  2. lipid metabolism
  3. protein metabolism
  4. processes drugs and hormones
  5. extretion of billirubin
  6. synthesis of bile salts
  7. storage
  8. phagocytosis
  9. activation of vit D
Term
carbohydrate metabolism in liver
Definition
helps maintain glucose levels. it stores and releases sugar
Term
lipid metabolsim in liver
Definition

                                i.     stores triglycerides.

                              ii.     Synthesizes cholesterol.

                            iii.     Makes lipoproteins for transport

Term
protein metabolism in liver
Definition

                                i.     will remove amino acids for atp production

                              ii.     most importantly it converts toxic ammonia to urea, urea is eliminated in the urine.

                            iii.     synthesis most of plasma proteins

Term
processes drugs and hormones in liver
Definition

                                i.     detoxifies alcohol and drugs into the bile

                              ii.     will alter and excrete thyroid and steroid hormones.

Term
excretion of billirubin in liver
Definition
the heme from RBC is absorbed by the liver and secreted in the bile.
Term
synthesis of bile salts in liver
Definition
 bile salts are made here and used for the absorption of lipids
Term
storage in liver
Definition
stores vit A,B12, D, E, and K and minerals iron and copper. You can’t take too many of these because they are stored in the liver.
Term
phagocytosis in liver
Definition
RBC, WBC AND bacteria are destroyed here.
Term
activatio of vit D in liver
Definition
just know that this is one of the 9 functions
Term
liver
Definition
made up of 2 main lobes, right and left, and they are divided by the falsaform ligament. Quadrant and caudae lobes are part of the left lobe.
Term
Quadrant and caudae lobes are part of the what lobe
Definition
left
Term
gallbladder
Definition
pear shaped sac on the inferior side of the liver used for storage of bile
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