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Chap 23 respiratory system
On test 3
109
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/08/2012

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Cards

Term
function of respiratory
Definition
contributes to homeostasis by providing an exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Also helps to adjust ph of body fluid.
Term
upper respiratory system
Definition
nose and pharnx(throat)
Term
lower respiratory system
Definition

larynx, trachea, and lungs

Term
external nose
Definition

·      visable portion made of bone, hyline cartilage, skin, and mucus membrane.

o   Nostrils – external opening

 

Term
internal nose
Definition
lg cavity lined with muscle and mucus membrane and is called the nasal cavity. The internal nose connects the external nose to the pharynx. Consist of paranasal sinuses(creates mucus) and nasolacrimal duct(transports tears).
Term
nasal vestibule
Definition
area just inside the nostrils
Term
nasal septum
Definition
formed by the ethmoid bone and volmer divides the nasal cavity into a left and right.
Term
olfactory epithelium
Definition
smell receptors located in the membrane of the superior nasal concha.
Term
nasal cavity is divided into 3 concha
Definition
the purpose is to increase surface area of nasal cavity and to keep the nose moist.
Term
pharynx
Definition

throat. Tube that strats at the back of the nasal cavity and ends at the cricoid cartilage, the walls are made of skeletal muscle and mucus membrane. The function is a passage way for air and food and provides a resignating chamber for speech sounds. Tonsils are found here.

Term
3 regions of the pharynx
Definition
  1. nasoparynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. larygopharnx
Term
nasopharynx
Definition
superior portion runs from nasal cavity to soft palet. The eustation(auditory) tube will open here. Also contains pharnogeal tonsil. Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithilium.
Term
oropharynx
Definition
intermediate portion, posterior to the oral cavity and ends at the hyoid bone. Shockingly it has respiratory and digestive functions. Lined with non keritinized stratified squamous epithilum. Your palatine and lingual tonsils are located here.
Term
laryngopharynx
Definition
inferior portion it runs from the hyoid bone to the opening of the esophagus. It has both respiratory and digestive function. Lined with non stratified squamous epithilum.
Term
larynx
Definition

the voice box. Short passage way that connects the laryngopharnx with the trachea it is made of 9 pieces of cartilage 3 single pieces and 3 paired pieces.

Term
Parts of the larynx (6)
Definition
  1. arytenoid cartilage
  2. throid cartilage
  3. epiglottis
  4. glottis
  5. cricoid cartilage
Term
arytenoid cartilage
Definition
most important because they infulence position and tension of the vocal folds and help produce sound
Term
thyroid cartilage
Definition
made of hyaline cartlidge function for protection and support of vocal cords and air way. It is larger in males due to testostrone.
Term
epiglottis
Definition
leaf shaped structure and is made of elastic cartilage and functions to form a lid over the glottis during swallowing.
Term
glottis
Definition
folds of mucus membrane and part of this is your vocal cords. The rima glottis is the space between the vocal cords that will lead down the trachea.
Term
cricoid cartilage
Definition
hyaline cartilage forms the inferior wall of the larynx and attaches to beginning of the trachea. Landmark for emergency tracheotomy.
Term
characteristics of the larynx
Definition

 

o   The lining of the larynx is made of nonkeratinized  stratisfied squamous epithelium above vocal cords and Below the vocal folds and psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cell

Term
structures of voice production
Definition
when muscles contract ligaments stretch the vocal folds into the airway, the directed air vibrates the vocal folds and produces sound. The greater the pressure the louder the sound.
Term
antergens
Definition
(male hormones) cause vocal cords to be thicker and larger causing a slower vibration leading to lower voice sounds.
Term
pitch
Definition
controlled by tension on the vocal folds, decreased muscular tension causes them to produce lower pitch tones
Term
ventricular folds
Definition
1st set of folds in vocal cords
Term
vocal folds
Definition
2 set of folds in vocal cords
Term
trechea
Definition
passageway of air starting at the larynx and terminates at T5. At t5 it divides into a right and left primary bronchi.
Term
4 layers of trachea
Definition
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. hyaline cartilae
  4. adventitia
Term
mucosa of the trachea
Definition
psuedostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
Term
submucosa of the trachea
Definition
areolar ct
Term
hyaline cart
Definition
16 – 20 c shaped rings that are connected by dense ct and rings prevent collapse of trechea
Term
adventitia
Definition

o   areolar connective tissue

Term
right primary bronchus
Definition
takes air to right lung is shorter and obstructed easier
Term
left primary bronchus
Definition
takes air to left lung
Term
secondary bronchi
Definition

one bronchi for each lobe of the lung

Term
tertiary bronchi
Definition

branches from the secondary numerous times.

Term
bronchioles
Definition

continue dividing, getting smaller and smaller.

Term
terminal brochioles
Definition

Smallest and last and joint with the aveoli

Term
bronchi characteristics
Definition

 smooth muscle encircle the lumen of terminal bronchi and asthma will cause spasms to this smooth muscle, closing airway, closing the airway

o   Sympathetic stimulation releases epinephrine and norepinephrine causing smooth muscle relaxation which dilates your bronchioles

o   Parasympathetic and allergic reactions such as histome cause contraction of the contraction of the smooth muscle which constricts the airway.

Term
Lungs
Definition
right and left not connected, each one is protected by a double membrane it is made up of the parietal pleura(superficial) and visceral pleura (deep) there is a space between the 2 layers and it is called the pleural space. The left lung is 10% smaller due to the heart. Lungs are devided in the lobes you have 3 in right 2 in left. Each lobe receives its own secondary bronchi.
Term
pleural membrane
Definition

parietal pleura - superficial

Visceral pleura - deep

Term
alveoli
Definition
out pouchings of simple squamous epithilium and are located at the ends of terminal bronchi.  2 types of cells in walls.
Term
alveolar sac
Definition
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening.
Term
2 types of cells in alveoli
Definition
  1. type I alveolar cells
  2. type II aveolar cells
Term
type I aveolar cells
Definition

simple squamous cells and are main site for gas exchange.

Term
type II alveolar cells
Definition
type 2 alveaolar cell is a cuboidal cell that secretes aviolar fluid to moisten cells and the air
Term
repiratory memebrane
Definition
where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood occurs the gas exchange occurs by diffusion across the type one aviolar cell and the capillary wall. 
Term
respiration
Definition
gas exchange
Term
pulmonary ventilation
Definition

breathing. Breathing is the combination and exhalation of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs. Pressure differences between the atmosphere and lungs cause air flow. When atmospheric pressure is higher than lungs pressure will move in, and vice versa.

Term
inhalation
Definition

the act of breathing in, for it to occur the lungs must be able to expand, increasing the lung space thus decreasing the pressure in the lungs compared to the outside atmosphere. Expansion is done by contracting diaphragm and external intercostals. The diaphragm contracting is the most important muscle for inhalation. Inhalation is considered an active process due to the fact that muscles are contracting.

·      Atmospheric pressure is 760 when at rest the lungs are 760 as well when we contract the lungs the pressure changes to 758.

Term
exhalation
Definition

the act of breathing out, where the pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure. This is a passive process because no muscular contractions are needed. The increased pressure results from elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall after being stretched. forced exhalation involves muscle contraction of our abdominals and internal intercostals. Pressure goes from 758 to 762 on exhalation.

Term
pressure at inhalation
Definition
when at rest the lungs are 760 as well when we contract the lungs the pressure changes to 758.
Term
Exhalation pressure
Definition
Pressure goes from 758 to 762 on exhalation.
Term

·      Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation (3)-

Definition
  1. surface tension
  2. compliance
  3. air resistance
Term
surface tension affecting pulmnary ventilation
Definition
occurs when liquid surrounds a circle of air, the circle of air is your avioli. This causes the avioli to collapse. So we need a substance to keep it from collapsing this substances is called surfactin, it helps lower surface tensions and is secreted by our type 2 avioli cells.
Term
compliance of the lungs in pulmonary ventilation
Definition
high compliance makes it easy for the lungs to expand, low compliance resist expansion.
Term
airway resistance affecting pulmonary ventilation
Definition
sympathetic autonomic nervous system causing dilation of bronchials decreases resistance. Things like emphysema, bronchitis, COPD, asthma increase resistance.
Term
Dalton's Law
Definition

·      each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure. This pressure for each gas is called partial pressure.  Atmospheric pressure has more pressure because it has more than one gas. Atmosphere is made up of Nitrogen, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, and other small gases. All of those gases together equals 760 and each of those have their own pressure. The partial pressures determine the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and lungs & the lungs and the blood & and the blood and cells. Gases move from a high concentration to a low and the greater the difference between the 2 pressures the faster the exchange.

Term
aviolar air carbon dioxide vs inhaled air carbon dioxide level
Definition
aviolar air is 5.2% carbon dioxide and inhaled air is 4.0% carbon dioxide
Term
Henry's law
Definition
he quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is equal to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility. Carbon dioxide dissolves easily in blood plasma due to its partial pressure. Oxygen will not because of its pressure. It has to be carried by a rbc. Nitrogen has little effect on the body because it will not dissolve in our fluids due to the small pressure difference. The exception to this rule is when diving because there is a pressure difference from normal atmospheric air.
Term
external respiration
Definition
(avioli to blood) diffusion of oxygen from air in the avioli to blood in the capillaries and the diffusion of carbon dioxide in the blood to the avioli. Function is to convert deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart into oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.
Term
external respiration pressure numbers
Definition
Oxygen pressure in the avioli is 105 mm of mercury (how much pressure oxygen is exerting on the avioli) oxygen pressure in the blood is 40 mm of mercury. So oxygen is going to go from avioli to blood. Carbon dioxide in the blood has a pressure of 45 and pressure in the lungs is 40 so blood will move to the lungs.  *know these numbers.
Term
Internal respiration
Definition
(blood to cells) exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic capillaries and tissue cells.  Function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide from the blood to the body tissues.
Term
pressure numbers in internal respiration
Definition
Oxygen pressure in our capillaries and arteries is 100 mm of mercury and pressure in cell is only 40 mm of mercury. So oxygen will flow from the blood into the cell. Carbon dioxide in blood is 40 and in cells it is 45 so carbon dioxide will move out of the cell and into the blood. *know these numbers
Term
factors affecting rat of gas exchange 4
Definition
  1. partial pressure
  2. surface area available for exchange
  3. diffusion distance
  4. molecular weight solubility
Term
partial pressure difference of gases
Definition
 if atmospheric air pressure decreases the rate of exchange will decrease. Ex high altitude sickness.
Term
surface area avalable for exchange
Definition
pulmonary avioli disorders will decrease the rate of exchange, ex smoking or emphesyma because it destroys avioli
Term
diffusion distance
Definition

                              1.     if swelling occurs in lungs it increases the distance between blood and avioli and makes it difficult to exchange.

Term
molecular weight and solubility
Definition
dont need to know def
Term
oxygen transport
Definition
98% of oxygen is transported in RBC. 1-2% actually dissolves in blood. When cells need it it defuses out of blood.
Term
carbon dioxide transport 3 ways
Definition

 in order to get carbon dioxide out of the cells and into the lungs it will travel in any of these 3 ways.

1.   directly dissolves in plasma in blood. 7% is this way

2.   in red blood cells – 23% goes into the rbc and is transported

3.   bicarbonate ion- 70 %

Term
haldane effect
Definition
 the amount of carbon dioxide that can be transported in the blood is influenced by the percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen. The lower the oxygen to hemoglobin ratio the greater the carbon dioxide that can be carried because there is more hemoglobin available for carbon dioxide to attach to. There is more hemoglobin and carbon dioxide in the venus blood
Term
summary of gas exchange
Definition
deoxygenated blood returns to pulmonary capiliaries by caron dioxide dissolved in the plasma, carbon dioxide combined with hemoglobin, and carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate ion. Oxygenated blood leaving the lungs has a high amount of oxygen in low carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentration.
Term
respiration center and 3 areas
Definition

cluster of neurons in the medulla and ponds that send impulses for contraction. 3 Areas:

  1. Medullary rhythmicity area
  2. pneumotaxic area
  3. apneustic area
Term
regulation of respiratory center 4 main parts
Definition
  1. cortical influences
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. proprioceptor stimulation
  4. inflation reflex
Term
cortical influences
Definition
the cerebral cortex can alter breathing and ultimately refuse to breathe. This is a voluntary act but is limited by carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the body.
Term
chemoreceptors
Definition
monitors our levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the body
Term
proprioceptor stimulation
Definition

joint movement sending signals to the respiratory center.

Term
inflation reflex
Definition
stretch sensitive receptor in the bronchi that when it becomes over inflated the impulse will send its impulse to the respiratory center
Term
3 other influences of regulation of repiratory center
Definition
  1. lymbic system
  2. temperature
  3. pain

 

Term
3 functions of external nose
Definition


§  warming, moistening, filtering incoming air

§  detect olfactory stimuli (smell)

§  modify speech vibrations

Term
external nose is made of?
Definition
bone, hyline cart, skin, mucus membrane
Term
internal nose is lined with?
Definition
lined with muscle and mucus membrane
Term
function of pharynx
Definition
  • passage way for air and food
  • resignating chamber for speech shounds
  • tonsils located here
Term
nasopharynx is line with?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Term
oropharynx is lined with
Definition
nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithilium
Term
laryngopharynx is lined with?
Definition
non keratinized squamous epithilium
Term
thyroid cart is made of?
Definition
hyaline cart.
Term
arytenoid cart. is made of?
Definition
hyaline
Term
epiglottis is made of?
Definition
elastic cart.
Term
glottis is made of?
Definition
mucus membrane
Term
crcoid cart
Definition
hyaline cart.
Term
above the vocal cords the larynx is lined with?
Definition
nonkeratinized startifed squamous epithelium
Term
below the vocal cords the larynx is lined with?
Definition

psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

 

Term
atmospheric pressure
Definition
760
Term
when diaphram contracts during inhalation pressure decrease
Definition
758
Term
exhalation pressure is
Definition
762
Term
external respirtaion oxygen pressure
Definition

avioli 105

blood 40

Term
external respiration carbon dioxide
Definition

avioli 40

blood 45

Term
internal respiration oxygen
Definition

capillaries 100

cell 40

Term
internal respiration carbon dioxide
Definition

capillaries 40

cell 45

Term
percent of oxygen transported in rbc
Definition
98%
Term
precent oxygen actually desolved in blood
Definition
1-2%
Term
percent of carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma of blood
Definition
7%
Term
percent of carbon dioxide in rbc
Definition
23%
Term
medullary rhythmicty area
Definition
controls basic rythem of respiration, the inspatory area genterates impulses for 2 seconds. that impulse traves to the diaphargm and external intercostals via the phrenic nerve. 2 sec relaxation pd before exhalation occurs. the expiratory area is only active during force exhalation otherwise it is inactive
Term
pneumotaxic area
Definition
located in the pons and sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area to turn off inhaltion.
Term
apneustic area
Definition
in the pons, sends stimulating impulses to activate prolonged inhalation
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