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Chap 22 pt 2 lymphatic system and immunity
on test 3
40
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/08/2012

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Term
adaptive immunity
Definition
when your body adjust to stuff
Term
antigen
Definition
substances  recognized as foreign an promotes a response. these cells can remember an encounter. Antigen is short for antibody reactor.
Term
immune system
Definition

o   cells and tissues that carry out immune response

Term
maturation of t cells and b cells
Definition
T cells mature in the thymus. B cell mature in bone marrow. After maturation they are sent out into the body. Once mature they go out into lymphnodes, lmph nodules, spleen and so on.
Term
immunocompetence
Definition

ability to carry out an immune response.

 

Term
matured t cells
Definition

 

they are lymphocytes so if they are lower when the over all lymphocyte count is low.2 types:cytotoxic t cells and helper t cells

 

Term
cytotoxic t cells
Definition
cd8
Term
helper t cells
Definition

cd4

HIV effects helper t cells

Term
2 types of adaptive immunity
Definition
  1. cell mediated immunity
  2. antibody mediated immunity

*both are triggered by the presence of antigens

Term
cell mediated immunity
Definition

·      where cytotoxic T cells directly attack an invading antigen. They will leave and go out and destroy whatever is invading the body.

o   Effective against 3 things

1.    intracellular pathogens(pathogens in the cell) ex. virus, bacteria, and fungus

2.   Also effective against cancer cells

3.   Foreign tissue transplants

o   It is ALWAYS one cell attacking another cell

Term
3 things that cell mediated immunity is effective against
Definition

1.    intracellular pathogens(pathogens in the cell) ex. virus, bacteria, and fungus

2.   Also effective against cancer cells

3.   Foreign tissue transplants

Term
anitbody mediated immunity
Definition

·      where B cells transform and make specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies is another term for aminoglobulins. B cells will turn into plasma cells and the the plasma cells will make antiobodies. Most antibodies just bind to things to let the body know it needs to be destroyed it isn’t usually the one doing the destroying. Occurs

o   Effective against extracellular pathogens(pathogens in interstitial fluid, not in the actual cells)

Term
what type of immunity does helper t cells aid in?
Definition
both
Term
clonal selction
Definition

the process by which lymphocytes divide and differentiate in response to a specific antigen.  This process forms a population of cells that can recognize the same antigen. It occurs in secondary lymphatic organs and tissues. It is the cause for swollen nodes and tonsils.

Term
effector cells
Definition
cloned cells that carry out the immune response. They do the fighting. They will die after the response has been completed.
Term
memory cells
Definition
cloned cells that remember the first encounter their able to recongnize the antigen quicker and create a swifter reaction to the antigen. These cells can last decades.
Term
what happens after an effector cell goes out and fights off a virus verses memory cells.
Definition
effoctor cells die off and memory cells do not they stay in the body and fight off the virus if you ever come in contact with it again.
Term
immunogenicty
Definition
ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating production of antibodies or t cells.
Term
reactivity
Definition
ability of the antigen to react with antibodies and cells it provokes
Term
epitopes
Definition

certain parts of an antigen that trigger the immune response. Most antigens have many epitopes. Parts or whole microbes may act as antigens causing an immune response. Amazingly the human immune system can recognize a billion different epitopes.

Term
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Definition
self antigen located in the plasma membrane of the bodies cells, these are glycoprotiens that make up the surface of your bodies cells. They help t cells recognize the antigen as foreign. The main function is to help t cells recognize that an antigen is foreign and it binds the antigen to t cells so it can recognize it.
Term
how cell mediated immunity works
Definition
the response begins with activation of T cells by an antigen that has been presented. Once t cells are activated they undergo clonal selection the cloned cells carry out the immune response and eliminate the antigen.
Term
activation of t cells
Definition

most of our t cells are inactive until they bind to the antigen.

Term
t cell receptors
Definition
 cell surface receptors that recognize and bind to the foreign antigen. When the antigen activates the t cell clonal selection will form helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells.
Term
helper t cells
Definition

stimulate the immune response by stimulating the production of memory t cells and cytotoxic t cells.

Term
cytotoxic t cells
Definition
 soldiers that do battle with foreign invators these cells leave secondary lymphatic organs and tissue and migrate to destroy the infected target cell, cancer cell, or transplanted cell. They have receptors specific for a particular microbe and kill only infected cells with that one type of microbe
Term
elimination of invaders mechanisms (2)
Definition

·      the t cells bind to the infected cells then release grandzymes(protein digesting enzymes) they trigger apoptosis in the infected cell. Once the cell is destroyed the microbes will be killed by phagocytosis

·      the t cell binds to infected cell and release 2 types of proteins: granulysin and perforin.

o   Perorin- creates holes in cell membrane causing it to burst

o   Granulysin- enters the microbe itself and destroys it

Term
how antibody mediated immunity works
Definition
in the presence of a foreign antigen specific b cells become activated. Clonal selections occurs forming plasma cells and memory cells.
Term
activation of b cells
Definition
 occurs when antigens bind. activation of b cells bind to the same cell that presents to t cells presents to b cells(helper cells)
Term
b cell receptors
Definition
Term
plasma cells in antibody mediated immunity
Definition

secrete antibodies for about 4 or 5 days. Antibodies travel in the blood and lymph to invasion sight

Term

memory of b cells

 

Definition

long living cells that can change into plasma cells when the antigen reapairs

* b cells secrete one antibody for one antigen.

Term
antibodies
Definition
protein that combine with the epitope on the antigen and they disable the antigen in 5 different ways
Term
5 actions antibodies use to disable antigen
Definition

1.   prevents the bacteria or virus from attaching to body cells

2.   immobilizing the antigen- disable cilia or flagella to reduce movement

3.   aglutinizing parcipitating– clump cells together making it easier for phagocytosis

4.   activating complement – antibody destroys antigen by phagocytosis and inflammation

5.   inhancing phagocytosis- increasing recognition and agglutination.

Term
IgM
Definition
first immunoglobulin to respond to a recent invader
Term
IgG
Definition
immunoglobulin that is in greater amounts during the second response to the same antigen
Term
elimination of invaders (cell mediated) using protein digesting enzyme
Definition
grandzymes are realeased after t cells bind to infected cell, this triggers apoptosis, once the cell is destroyed microbes will be killed by phagocytosis
Term
elimination of invader mechinism with the release of 2 proteins
Definition
perorin & granulysin
Term
perorin
Definition
creates holes in the cell membrane causing it to burst
Term
grandulysin
Definition
enters the microbe itself and destroyes it
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