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Definition
| carry blood away from the heart; large with lots of elastic tissue; gradually become smaller the further away from the heart. |
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| small artery that enters a tissue then branches into numerous capillaries. |
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are thin walled vessles that allow the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues (in the actual tissue/organ). |
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| the merging of capillaries that exit the tissue; will continue to get larger until they become a vein. |
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Definition
| blood vessels that bring blood from the tissues back to the heart. |
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| 3 layers of blood vessels |
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Definition
- tunica interna (intima)
- tunica media
- tunica externa
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Definition
| inner lining of a blood vessel and is in contact with the blood itself. It is composed of simple squamous epithelium called the endothelium. It also has a basement membrane that provides a collagen frame work to provide a frame work to support the epithelial layer. Also has the internal elastic laminacontains window like openings that allow diffusion of material to the tunica media |
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Definition
| the muscle and connective tissue layer, this layer shows the greatest variation among the 5 types of vessels. Made of mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers that regulate the diameter of the lumen of the vessel. the external elastic lamena is the connective tissue part. It allows the vessel to stretch and recoil to its original shape. |
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Definition
| consist of collagen and elastic fibers and forms the outer covering of the blood vessel. it contains nerves and tiny vessels called vasa vesorum |
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| Sympathetic autonomic neurons- stimulate contraction of smooth muscle narrowing the luman and this is called |
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Definition
Relaxation of smooth muscle increases the lumen |
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Definition
| contain all 3 layers with a thick tunica media they stretch easily with the constant pressure changes of the blood. |
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Definition
| contain all 3 layers with a thick tunica media they stretch easily with the constant pressure changes of the blood. |
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Definition
the largest arteries of the body they have numerous and thick elastic layers. Ex aorta, coradid arteries, pulmonary turnk Function: to propel blood onward while the ventricle is relaxing. |
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Definition
| medium sized arteries. They have more smooth muscle than elastic fibers in the tunica media. Muscle arteries have the greatest vasoconstriction and vasodialtion in order to adjust the rate of blood flow. Ex. bracial, radial, and femoral arteries. Function: contract the muscle to maintain vessel blood pressure and efficient blood flow |
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Definition
| most tissue receives blood from more than 1 artery. The many branches of the arteries supplying blood to the same region is called an anastomosis |
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Definition
abundant and microscopic and these vessels regulate the flow of blood into the capillary networks of the body. They have a think tunica interna, 1-2 layer tunica media, and a tunica externa consisting of connective tissue and unmylenated neves. Function: to regulate blood flow from the arteries to the capillaries by regulating resistance. Vasoconstirction causes increased blood pressure and vasodilation cause decreased blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest of our blood vessels and connect arterial blood and venus blood they are so small red blood cells pass single file through a capillary. They form a network of branches that run to individual cells of the body and are found near ever almost cell of the body. Function: To exchange substances between the blood and interstial fluid of the cells. The only thing that’s left are a single layer the separates blood and body cells. Stuructually they lack and tunica media and tunica externa |
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Definition
| is the flow of blood to an arteriole to a capillary to a venule. |
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Term
| how blood goes from a capillary to a venule |
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Definition
| blood flows from an arterial into a capillary then to a venule. Due to pre capillary sphincters blood flow to capillaries ceases or continues flow through the capillary network. Typically over 25% of your blood is in the capillaries. The number 2 way it flows from a capillary to a venule is through a thoroughfare channel: the distal end of the artieral resembles a capillary and provides a direct route for blood to flow directly from arterial to the venule bypassing the capillary network. |
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Definition
| forms a continues tube to the venule found in brain lung skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. |
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Definition
| have small pores in the walls of the endothelium in areas where you will find this is the kidneys, small intestine and endocrine glands |
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Definition
| have wider and larger holes in the walls and an incomplete basement membrane. These capillarys allow large proteins and blood cells to pass through the blood stream. Found in the live spleen anterior pituitary and parathyroid gland. |
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Definition
| very thin walled compared to arteries, they have a think tunica interna and media and the tunica externa is the thickest of the vessels. Veins also lack a internal and external elastic lamina. The pumping of the heart and contraction of lower limb skeletal muscles. Allows for return of venus blood to the heart. Pressure in the vein is much lower than in an artery. Veins have small valves in their walls to prevent back flow of blood. |
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Term
| difference between veins and arteries |
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Definition
· There are many more veins than arterys |
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Definition
| movement of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid. |
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Term
| 3 ways blood laeaves the capillary |
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Definition
- simple diffusion
- transcytosis
- bulk flow
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Definition
| oxygen carbon dioxide glucose amino acids hormones enter and leave capillaries by simple diffusion substances enter and leave the capillary. Plasma proteins and red blood cells can only pass through sinusoids |
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Definition
1. vesicles perform endocytosis and exocytosis to transport large lipid insoluble molecules |
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Definition
| passive process where large number of ions, molecules, or particles move together in the same direction. This process moves from a high concentration to a low. Important for regulation of blood volume and interstitial fluid. |
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Definition
| of pressure movement of fluids and solutes from blood to the interstitial fluid |
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Definition
| pressure movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid to the blood |
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Definition
64% of blood is in veins and venules
7% capillaries
13% arteries and arterioles
7% in heart
9% pulmonary vessels |
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Definition
| factors affecting blood flow |
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Definition
flows from regions of high pressure to low pressure, the greater the difference the greater the flow. Higher the pressure the faster the flow is. the volume of blood that flows through the tissue at any given time. |
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Definition
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Definition
| generated by contraction of the ventricles. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of a vessel is called blood pressure. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output, blood volume, and vascular resistance. At rest you body rises to 110 during systole and drops to 70 during disotle. |
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Definition
| rise to 110. Highest pressure in the vessel during systole |
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Definition
drops to 70. Lowest pressure in the vessel during diastole. |
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Term
* in venular blood the pressure drops to about 16 ml of mercury. Blood pressure in the right atrium is zero |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the opposition of blood flow due to friction between the blood and vessel. |
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| 3 factors the effect vascular resistance |
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Definition
- size of lumen
- blood viscosity
- total blood vessel length
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Definition
| the smaller the lumen the greater the resistance of blood flow. Vasoconstriction increases resistance to blood flow |
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Definition
| thickness of the blood due to the ratio of rbc to plasma. The higher the viscosity the higher the resistance. Anemia typically decreases blood pressure. Polycythmia will increase blood pressure |
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Term
| total blood vessel lenght |
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Definition
| the longer the blood vessel the greater the resistance. Obese people will have an increased blood pressure due to an increased number of blood vessels to adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood that flows back to the heart through systemic viens. Venous return pressure averages 16 mm of mercury. If pressure in the right atrium would increase, venous return would increase. At rest valves in your veins are open. When muscles contract the lower valve closes and pushed the blood up to the heart. Respitory pump- on inhilation the diapram moves downward, compressing abdominal veins, pushing blood from the abdoman to the heart. On exhilation valves in the veins prevent back flow keeping the blood moving towards the heart. |
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Definition
| is inversely related to the cross sectional area. Meaning velocity is slowest where total cross section is greatest. Branching of vessels causes an increased cross sectional area. Blood flow becomes slower as it moves away from the heart. As venules converge to forms veins velocity increases due to the decreased cross sectional area. Arteries typically average 40 cm per second. Veins 0.1 cm per second. |
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Term
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Definition
| one drop of blood takes one minute to go from the right atrium down to the foot and back. |
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Term
| cardiovascular center (CV) |
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Definition
| several negative feedback systems control blood pressure. CV is in medulla and its job is to regulate heart rate and stroke volume. It also controls the neural, hormonal, and local feedback systems that regulate pressure and flow. It receives input from higher brain regions(cortex) and sensory receptors. |
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Term
| cardiac accelerator neves |
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Definition
| take sympathetic autonomic stimulation impulses to the heart to increase heart rate and contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| carries parasympathetic autonomic to slow heart rate down |
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Term
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Definition
| impulses that are sent to smooth muscle causing vasoconstrictions |
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Term
| neural regulation of blood pressure |
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Definition
2 reflexess that regulate blood pressure
baroreceptor reflexes
chemoreceptor reflexes
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Term
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Definition
| where carotid sinus and aortic sinus detect a fall in blood pressure. In response they send their singal to the cardiovascular center. The cardiovascular center will increase sympathetic stimulation to the heart. Thus increasing blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| where the carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect blood oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentrations. These chemical conditions stimulate impulses to the cardiovascular center to increase sympathetic stimulation, causing vasoconstriction and an increase blood pressure. It will also stimulate the restpitory center to adjust your breathing |
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Term
| hormonal regulation of blood pressure |
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Definition
- renin-angiostensin-aldosterone system
- epinephrine and nonrenephrine
- antidiuretic homrone
- ^^^ all increase blood pressure
- atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
- ^^^decreases blood pressure
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Term
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system |
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Definition
| causes water retention by the kidneys |
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Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
where adreanal medulla secretes hormones increase rate and force of contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| dehydration causes vasoconstriction. |
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Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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Definition
| ANP is released by the atria of the heart to decrease blood pressure and it does this vasodialation and promoting the loss of sodium and water in the urine |
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Definition
| -includes the arteries and arterioles that carry oxygenated blood from left ventrcle to capillaries plus the viens that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. Color wise, deoxygenated blood is dark. |
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Term
| the hepatic portal circulation |
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Definition
| carries venus blood from the gi tract and spleen to liver, after a meal nutrients from the gi tract are stored from the liver then sent to the general circulation. |
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Term
| the pulmonary circulation |
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Definition
| carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventrical to the alveoli of the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the aveoli to the left atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the maternal blood. The exchange of materials between the mother and the baby occurs through the placenta. The fetus has mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. |
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Term
| lymphatic system contributes to homeostatsis |
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Definition
| by draning interstitial fluid and providing defense against disease |
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Term
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Definition
| disease producing microbe |
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Term
| the lyphatic system is closely intertwined w/ what 2 systems |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intersticial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| reticular connective tissue that contains large number of lymphocytes |
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Term
| 3 functions of lymphatic system |
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Definition
- drains excess interstitial fluid
- transports dietary lipids
- carries out immune responses
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Term
| drains excess interstitial fluid |
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Definition
| allow excess interstitial fluid to return to the blood. |
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Term
| transports dietary lipids |
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Definition
| transport lipids and lipid soluble vitamins that are absorbed in digestive tract. The vitamins are : A, D, E, and K |
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Term
| carries out immune responses |
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Definition
| initiates specific responses against microbes and abnormal cells |
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Term
| lymphatic vessesl and lymph circulation |
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Definition
| lymphatic capillaries are located in the spaces between cells they have a unique one way structure that allow interstitial fluid in but not out. When interstitial pressure is greater than lymph pressure. fluid will enter the lymphatic capillary. In the small intestines’ lactials carry dietary lipids into lymphatic vessels and ultimately to the blood circulation |
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Term
| lymphatic trunks and ducts |
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Definition
lumbar
interstitial
bronchmediastinal
subclavian
jugular trunks |
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Term
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Definition
| drains lymph from our lower limbs and pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| drains lymph from stomache intestings and liver |
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Term
| bronchmedialstinal trunks |
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Definition
| drain lymphs from lungs and heart |
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Term
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Definition
| drains lymph from upper limbs |
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Term
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Definition
· drains lymph from head and neck |
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Term
· lymph passes through our trunks to 2 main ducts then to the veinus blood. |
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Definition
- thoracic duct
- right lymphatic duct
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Term
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Definition
main duct for return of lymph to the blood at the junction at the left internal jugular and subclavian vein |
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Term
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Definition
| receives lymph from upper right side of body and returns the fluid to the right internal jugular and right subclavian vein. |
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Term
| formation and flow of lymph |
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Definition
| - most blood plasma filters through the capillaries to form intersticial fluid. There is an excess of about 3 lieters a day that is returned to the blood from the lymphatic system. Plasma proteins have a hard time leaving blood vessles therefore these proteins move in lymphatic vessels . plasma proteins must be returned to the blood. Skeletal muscles pumping and diaphram contracting move lymph to the venus system. Very similar to venus return. |
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Term
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Definition
| site where stem cells divide becoming capable of causing an immune response, it is called being immunocompitant. Occurs in red bone marrow and thymus gland. In red bone marrow pluralpotient stem cells create b cells and pre t cells. Thymus makes pre t cells mature |
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Term
| secondary lymphtic organs |
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Definition
sites where most immune responses occurs: lymph nodes, spleen, nodules. |
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Term
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Definition
| has a cortex and medulla and is a house for t cell lymphocytes, immature t cells (pre t cells) from the red bone marrow enter the cortex waiting to mature. The medulla consist of mature t cells when t cells are matured they leave the thymus and populate our secondary lymph organs. The thymus is large in infants and atrophys with age. |
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Term
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Definition
| approximately 600 of them in the body , located along lymph vessels, large number of these in axilla, groin, arm pit. Lymphocytic b cells and mature t cells. Functions as a filter as lymph enters one side foreign subtances are trapped and destroyed by b and t cells and the filtered lymph then leaves out the other side of the node. |
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Term
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Definition
| largest single lymphatic tissue in the body, left hypochondriac region. |
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Term
| spleen is made up of 2 types of tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lymph tissue that contains lymphocytes and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
o functions: blood filled, consist of rbc, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
§ 1. Removal of worn out rbc and platetes
§ 2. Store platelets
§ 3. Production of blood cells during life. |
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Term
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Definition
| nodules do not have capsules that is the difference between nodes and nodules. They are scattered throughout the mucus membranes of gi, unrinary, reproductive, and respatory tracts. |
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Definition
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Definition
· lymphatic nodules that create immune responses to inhaled or ingested substances. |
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Definition
| built in immunity. Basic fighting mechanisms of the body. |
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Definition
skin and mucous membranes – their job is to keep pathogens in the body. These structures provide barriers that prevent pathogens and foreign substances from penetrating the body. |
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Definition
has
many layers to provide a physical barrier. Its also meant to shed to remove microbes. |
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Definition
| line body cavities and secrete mucus that lubricates and traps microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| antimicrobial substances 4 |
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Definition
interferons
complement sytem
iron-binding
antimicrobial protiens |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins released by virus infected cells that induce antiviral proteins in unaffected neighboring cells. Its function is to stop virus replication. |
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Definition
| proteins in the blood plasma that enhance immune reactions promoting phagocytosis. |
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Definition
· inhibits the growth of certain bacteria by reducing iron availability. |
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Definition
| peptides that have a wide range of antimicrobial activity |
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Definition
| type of lymphocyte that release toxic granduals that kill infected body cells and tumor cells. Typically located in spleen, lymphnodes, and red bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils and monocytes that migrate from the blood and ingest microbes and cellular debris |
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Definition
| vessels dialate to repair damage tissue and fight pathogens. It is an attempt to get rid of foreign tissue at its site |
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Definition
· abnormally high body temp. viruses and bacteria can elevate body temp. the elevated body temp intensified effects of interferon and speeds up body reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| – ability of the body to defend itself against bacteria, toxins, foreign tissue, viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| - substance recognized a foreign and provokes an immune response. |
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Term
| 2 differneces between adaptive immunity and innate immunity |
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Definition
1. Specificity- adaptive immune system has the ability to distinguish self from non self
2. Memory- adaptive remembers the first encounter so that the 2nd encounter is dealt with rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
all cells and tissue that carry out an immune response. |
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Term
| maturation of t cells and b cells |
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Definition
| – Both of these cells are types of lymphocytes that are originally formed from pluralpotien stem cells. Once these cells are matured they are sent out to our secondary lymphatic organs and tissues. |
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Definition
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Definition
| mature in red bone marrow |
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