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Chap 2
Macromolecules and pH
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/06/2011

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Term
Organic Molecules
Definition
any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.
Term
Inorganic Molecules
Definition
Inorganic compounds can be formally defined with reference to what they are not—organic compounds. Organic compounds contain carbon bonds in which at least one carbon atom is covalently linked to an atom of another type (commonly hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen).
Term
Polymers
Definition
a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units that are joined together by dehydration sythesis
Term
Monomers
Definition
is an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer.
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
breaking of a chemical bond by adding a water molecule
Term
dehydration reaction
Definition
a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule.
Term
anabolic
Definition
constructing reactions
Term
OH
Definition
Hydroxyl ion
Term
HCO3-
Definition
Bicarbonate serves a crucial biochemical role in the physiological pH buffering system.
Term
Salts
Definition
ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. They are composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is electrically neutral
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Sugars and starches
contain chains of C, H, O..
Major source of cellular fuel(glucose)
Term
Lipids
Definition
Contain C, H, O and sometimes P
Insoluble in water
Main types:
Neutral fats or triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
long branching chains of linked monosaccharides
Term
Triglyceride formation
Definition
Three fatty acid chains are bound to glycerol by
dehydration synthesis
Term
phospholipid
Definition
Phospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.
Term
Steroids—
Definition
interlocking four-ring structure
Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
Term
Eicosanoids
Definition
Derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell membranes; Prostoglandins, related to blood clotting, pressure and labor contrations.
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
glandular excretions related to blood clotting, pressure and labor contrations.
Term
proteins
Definition
Polymers of amino acids (20 types)
Joined by peptide bonds
Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
Term
Dehydration synthesis:
Definition
The acid group of one
amino acid is bonded to
the amine group of the
next, with loss of a water
molecule.
Term
Hydrolysis:
Definition
Peptide
bonds linking amino
acids together are
broken when water is
added to the bond.
Term
Primary structure protein
Definition
The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain.
Term
Secondary structure: proteins
Definition
The primary chain forms spirals (-helices) and sheets (-sheets)
Term
Tertiary structure: proteins
Definition
Superimposed on secondary structure. -Helices and/or -sheets are
folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by
intramolecular bonds.
Term
Quaternary structure: proteins
Definition
Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure,
combine to form a functional protein.
Term
Protein Structure =
Definition
Protein Function
Term
Protein Denaturation
Definition
Shape change can disruption of active sites due to environmental changes (like decreased pH or increased temperature)
Term
Enzymes
Definition
special type of protein; Biological catalysts
Lower the activation energy needed, increase the speed of a reaction Unchanged by the reaction
Term
Functional enzymes
Definition
consist of:
Apoenzyme (protein)
Cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (a vitamin)
Term
*ase
Definition
enzyme
Term
substrate
Definition
a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Term
Four DNA bases:
Definition
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
Term
DNA Base pairs always bond as:
Definition
A & T
C & G
Term
Uracil
Definition
replacement for Thymine in DNA
Term
RNA –
Definition
Ribonucleic Acid; Copies and transfers the DNA blueprint into the cytoplasm
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)energy compound manufactured in mitochondria
Term
Function of ATP:
Definition
Phosphorylation:
Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules
These “primed” molecules perform cellular work (life processes) using the phosphate bond energy
Term
monomer
Definition
an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer.[1]; the term "monomeric protein" may also be used to describe one of the proteins making up a multiprotein complex.
Term
triglycerides
Definition
"neutral fats" major source of stored energy; 3 fatty acids joined with glycerol through dehydration synthesis.
Term
ion
Definition
An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
Term
anion
Definition
an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge
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