Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chap 18
test 1
88
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/24/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
function of homrones
Definition
regulates metabolism, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle tissue, gland secretions, control growth, operation of reproduction
Term
hormone
Definition
a mediator molecule that is released in one  part of the body but regulates the activities of cells in other parts of the body. Most enter the interstitial fluid then defuse into the blood stream, blood carries the hormone to the target tissue. Hormones bind to receptors on the target cell.
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
secrete their products in to ducts that secrete onto covering and lining epithelium. Ex sudoriferous, sebaceous, and digestive glands, mucous.
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
they secrete their hormones into interstitial fluid NOT ducts. The hormones are carried into the blood stream and then carried to the target sell. Not much hormone is needed. Ex pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands
Term
hormone activity
Definition
Hormones travel through the blood and chemically bind to its specific receptor. Hormones must bind to the receptors or they will have no effect.
Term
role of hormone receptors
Definition
hormones bind to specific protein receptors on the target tissue.
Term
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Definition

binds only to thyroid cells

Term
down regulation
Definition

target cell receptors decrease due to excess of the hormone ( they become less sensitive)

Term
up regulation
Definition
when the hormone is deficient  the receptors increase on the target cell (they make them more sensitive)
Term
local hormones
Definition
act locally on themselves or the cells around them. without going into the blood*
Term
paracrine cell
Definition
one cell secretes the hormone and gives it to a near by hormone
Term
autocrine cell
Definition
hormone is released and actually acts on itself.
Term
lipid soluble hormones
Definition

bound to transport proteins that are synthesized in the liver. They can be digested and taken orally.

·       steroid hormones- large diverse group

·      thyroid hormones- t3 and t4

·      nitric oxide- gas ex viagra

Term
water soluble hormones
Definition

 

– circulate freely in our water plasma and are destroyed by digestion.

·       amine hormones- ex epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

·       peptide & protein hormones- ex hgh, insulin, oxytoxin

·       eicosanoid hormones- ex prostaglandins leuctrines

Term
mechanisms of hormone action
Definition

Response to a hormone depends both on the hormone and the target cells. Ex many target cells react differently to the same hormone.

A single hormone can cause several different cellular responses. Ex the hormone can cause contraction at the same time it can change permeability of something

Hormones must bind to receptors to function.

Term
which hormone can go throught the lipid bylayer?
Definition
lipid soluble homrones
Term
Action of lipid-soluble hormones (4 steps)-
Definition

1.   lipid soluble hormone molecule diffuses from the blood through the intersticial fluid and lipid bilayer into the plasma membrane of the cell

2.   if that cell is a target cell the hormone will bind to the receptor in the cytosol or nucleus and alter the gene expression: turns specific genes of dna on and off.

3.    New messenger rna forms, leaves the

4.   new proteins alter the cells activity and cause the typical hormone response

Term
Action of water-soluble hormones (6 steps)-
Definition

                               1.     The water soluble hormone is known as the first messenger it diffuses from the blood and binds to its receptor on the surface of the target cell. The hormone receptor complex activate membrane proteins. Which activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

                               2.     Adenylate cylase converts atp to cAMP it takes place inside the cytosol

                               3.     cAMP is know as the 2nd messenger and it activates enzymes inside the cell.

                               4.     Cellular proteins are phosphorolated by the enzymes by the enzymes causing the proteins to become active or inactive

                               5.     These active proteins produce our physiological response desired by the hormone

                               6.     Enzymes inactivate cAMP turning off the cells response to the hormone. Hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors can induce effectes a low concentrations because a chain reaction occurs inside a cell.

Term

Hormone Interactions (3 variables)- the responsiveness of the target cell depends on:

Definition

1.     the hormone concentration

2.     the abundance of the target cells hormone response related to the # of receptors

3.     influence exerted by other hormones

Term
3 influences exerted by other hormones
Definition
  1. permissive effect
  2. synergistic effect
  3. antagonistic effect
Term
permissive effect
Definition
needs 2 different hormones to make the effect work correctly
Term
synergistic effect
Definition
2 hormones work togeher if one is missing no effect will occur
Term
antagonisitic effect
Definition
one hormone opposes the other. so if one is present another wont work
Term
Control of Hormone Secretion
Definition
 hormones are release in short burst. When the hormone is release it increases the blood level of that hormone.
Term
3 way hormone secretions are regulated
Definition

                              1.     signals from the nervous system

                              2.     chemical changes in the blood

                              3.     other hormones

Term
most hormones are regulate on pos or neg feedback system?
Definition
negative
Term
pitutiary gland
Definition
pea like sturucture in hyposeal fossa of sella tursica of the sphenoid bone. Attaches to they hypothalamus via the infundibulium. Has 2 parts anterior and posterior.
Term
how many hormones are secreted by the pitutiary gland
Definition
7
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
controls the pituitary gland and is the link between nervous and endocrine systems. It synthesis 9 hormones controlling the regulation of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.
Term
anteriror pitutiary gland
Definition
makes up 75% of gland. Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and other body activities. It is controlled by the hypothalamus.
Term
Hypophyseal(pituitary) portal system
Definition
artery that turns into a capillary to a portal vein. That forms a network that allows immediate hormone regulation from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary withouth going into the bodies circulatory system. Hormones from the pituitary exit by the hypothasus veins into the general circulation to the target tissue.
Term

·      types of cells in anterior pituitary gland (5)

Definition
  1. somatotrophs
  2. thyrotrophs
  3. gonadotrophs
  4. lactotrophs
  5. corticotrophs
Term
somatotrophs
Definition
Human growth hormone hGH) & Insulinlike growth factors
Term
thyrotrophs
Definition

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Term
gonadtrophs
Definition
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)- acts on gonads. Stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesteron
Term
lactotrophs
Definition

1.   prolactin (PRL) initiates milk production in the mammary glands

Term
corticotrophs
Definition

1.   Adenocorticoropic hormone (ACTH)- and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)- ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

Term
Secretions from the hypothalamus in regards to the anterior pituitary
Definition
secretions of the anterior pituitary are regulated by 5 stimulating hormones and 2 inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. Negative feedback by the hormones themselves also inhibit the anterior pituitary.
Term
HGH
Definition
most plentiful hormone in body and functions to promote synthesis an secretion of protein hormones in target tissues.Insulin like growth factor
Term
IGF
Definition
Found in the liver, muscle, bone, and skin. Causes cell growth also increases protein synthesis, increases growth of skeletal muscles and bones during adolecences. In adults it maintains muscle mass and premotes tissue repair. It enhances lypoglycis (break down of fat for atp). Decreases glucose uptake by the cells, leaving it in the blood.
Term
TSH
Definition
stimultes the synthesis and secretions of T3 and T4
Term
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
 initiates the development of follicle cells and the primary oocyte(egg) in females. in males it stimulates sperm production
Term
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
triggers ovulation of the oocyte (release of the egg from ovary) and the secretion of progesterone. Also prepares uterus for implantation. In males stimulates the secretion of testosterone.
Term
prolactin (PRL)
Definition

1.   with other hormones, initiates and regulates milk production of the mammary glands.

Term
ACTH
Definition
controls the production and secretion of cortisol from the adreanal gland
Term
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Definition
does not make any hormones. But stores and releases 2 hormones. Consist of nervous tissue called neuro-secratory cells(meaning they secretes nervous cells) DOES NOT MAKE ONLY STORES AND RELEASES
Term
Oxytocin
Definition

·      effect 2 target tissues, the uterus and breast and during delivery it enhances contraction of the uterus. After delivery it stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands.

Term
Antidiuretic homrone (ADH)
Definition
decreases urine production. Does so by causing the kidneys to return water to the blood. Alcohol inhibits adh, that’s why you pee a lot when you drink.
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition

located inferior to the larynx

Made up of

  • thyroid follicles
  • follicular cells
  • thyroid homrones
  • parafollicular cells
Term
thyroid follicles
Definition
sphyrical sacs that make up most of the thyroid gland
Term
follicular cells
Definition

o   simple cells that form the walls of the follicle and they range from cuboidal to the columnar. When influenced by thyroid stimulating hormone touches the cell it tells the cell to produce 2 hormones, t3 and t4.

Term
thyroid hormones
Definition
T3 and T4
Term
parafolliular cells
Definition
produce calcitonin which regulates calcium levels and these cells are located between follicules.
Term
Iodine trapping
Definition

·      iodine ions are taken from the blood and put into the follicular cells.

Term
thyroglobulin (tgb)
Definition

·      is a glycoprotein that helps form T3 and T4.

·      Iodine is attached to tirozine and forms a colloid.

Term
Lysosymes
Definition

·      breaks the colloid forming t3 and t4.

·      Then they are sent out into the blood

Term
5 actions of thyroid hormones
Definition

1.   Increase basil metabolic rate (BMR)

2.   Stimulate the synthesis of sodium and potassium pumps

3.   Stimulates protein sythesis and increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP

4.   Increase body temperature

5.   Enhances actions of epinephrine, hgh, and insulin

Term
control of thyroid hormone secretion
Definition
TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH In the anterior pituitary. Which tells the thyroid to produce hormones.
Term
calcitonin
Definition

secreted by parafolliular cells,decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Term
parathyroid gland
Definition

embedded in the posterior lobes of the thyroid. Made of 2 different types of cells

Term
2 types of parathyroid gland and their function
Definition

·      Chief cell- most abundant and produces the hormone

·      Oxyfil cells- function is unknown

Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
major regulator of the bodies calcium, magnesium and phosphate levels. Increase osteoclast activity, increasing blood calcium levels, hence the opposite of parafollicular cells of the thyroid. It also promotes the formation of caciltrial(active vitamin D).
Term
adreanal gland
Definition

of them located on the superior portion of the kidney and it is triangular/pyramid shaped. 2 parts that function differently: cortex and medulla. Cortext makes up the majority. Medulla is the smaller inner most region. Complete lost of adrenal cortex hormones will lead to death from dehydration with in a couple days.

Term
3 adrean cortex galnds
Definition

o   zona glomerulosa- secretes hormones called mineralcorticoids- involved in mineral metabolism

o   zona fasciculate- glucosecortacoids - cortisol

o   zona reticularis- androgens -CHEA

Term
mineralcorticoids
Definition

found in zona glomerulosa

secretes aldosterone

Term
aldostrone
Definition

secreted by mineralcortocoids

 regulates sodium and potassium and helps adjust to low blood pressure and low blood volume. Also causes excretion of hydrogen ions to help raise your bodies PH

Term
rennin
Definition
angiotensin-aldosterone pathway(RAA) fig. 18.16 – prevents you from dehydration
Term
glucosecoticoids
Definition
secreted in the zona fasiculate. main one is cortisol
Term
cortisol
Definition

main glucocorticoid

o   roughly 95 % of what is secreted by that cortex.

§  effects of cortisol-

ú  protein break down,

ú  glucose formation,

ú  lypolysis

ú  resistence to stress

ú  anti-inflammatory (inhibits WBC from getting to a wound)

ú  depression of the immune system

Term
adrogens
Definition

secrted in the zona reticulars

steroid hormones

main one is DHEA

Term
DHEA
Definition

is an adrogen

promotes an increased sex drive and is convereted to estrogen for women after menopause. Stimulates growth spirts during adolescence.

Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
hormones are made by chromafain cells. They make epinephrine and norepinephrine, they do the same thing, these hormones are adrenaline.
Term
epinephrine and norenphinephrine
Definition

made in the adrenal medulla

to intensify the fight or flight response. No essential for life

Term
pancreas
Definition
both an endocrine and exocrine gland, located in the curve  duodeum. 99% of the cells are aciani(exocrine cells) cells that produce digestive enzymes. The remaining cells are the endocrine cells and are in the islet of langerhans
Term
cells of the islet of langerhans
Definition
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. delta
  4. F cells
Term
alpha cells of the islet of langerhans
Definition
make up 17% of cells in the islet. Job is to secrete glucogon. Glucogons function is to raise blood glucose levels.
Term
beta cells of the islet of langerhans
Definition
make up 70% of the cells in the islet. They secrete insulin. Function of inusllin is to lowere blood glucose levels.
Term
delta cells of the islet of langerhans
Definition
only 7 % of the cells. Secretes a hormone called somatosatin. Its function is to inhibit both insulin and glucogon
Term
F cells
Definition
pancreatic polypeptide, makes up 5 % of the cells. pancreatic Polypetide ihibits somatostain, enzymes and gull bladder secretions
Term
pineal gland
Definition

located in the roof of the 3rd ventrical. Secretes melatonin.

Term
melatonin
Definition
contributes the setting of the bodies biological clock. Does this by the more melatonin in the blood the more sleepy.
Term
thymus
Definition

located behind the lungs. Secretes hormones that promote the maturation of T cells( a white blood cell that destroys microbes and foreign substances.

Term
stressor
Definition
anything that promotes emotions, physical need, temperatures, poisons, and the environment.
Term
ess response or general adaptation syndrome (GAS) – 3 step sequence:
Definition
  1. fight or flight response
  2. resistance reaction
  3. exhaustion
Term
flight or fight response
Definition

1.   hypothalamus tells the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine.

Term
resistance reaction
Definition

1.   if the stressor stays long enough, this goes into play and it helps the body keep fighting the stressor when the fight of flight response dissipates. done by the hormones cortisol, HGH, and thyroid stimulating hormone

Term
exhaustion
Definition
when the resources of the body become depleted do to excess stress. Prolonged exposure to corisol causes wasting of muscle, suppression of the immune system, ulcers in the Gi, failure of the beta cells of the pancreus
Supporting users have an ad free experience!