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Change & Conflict
Absolutism through Revolutions
15
History
9th Grade
10/13/2008
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Term

Mary Wollstonecraft

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 Definition
  • In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, this political thinker presented an argument for them education of women. She also declared that women should have the same political rights as men.
Term

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

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 Definition
  • This philosopher's ideas greatly influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America. In his book On Crimes and Punishments, he argued against the use of torture and other common abuses of justice.
Term

Voltaire

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 Definition

  • This philosopher's masterful use of satire got him into frequent trouble with the clergy, the

    aristocracy, and the government of France. Despite serving two prison terms and being exiled, he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech.

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Term

Baron de Montesquieu

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 Definition
  • This aristocratic philosopher was devoted to the study of political liberty. In his famous book On the Spirit of the Laws, he proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of a government.
Term

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

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 Definition
  • This philosopher strongly disagreed with other philosophers on a number of matters. For instance, although most philosophers believed that reason, science, and art improve the lives of all people, he argued that civilization corrupts people's natural goodness.
  • examined ideas about majority will and the common good.
  • idea of a direct democracy
Term

Heliocentric Theory

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 Definition
  • sun is the center of the universe and everything orbits around it
  • ideas by proposed byNicholas Copernicus and proved by Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei

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Term

John Locke

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 Definition
  • This political thinker felt that people are reasonable beings. He supported self-government and argued that the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of people. If government fails to protect these natural rights, he said, citizens have the right to overthrow it.
Term

Thomas Hobbes

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 Definition
  • This political thinker believed that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked. He argued, therefore, that strong governments are necessary to control human behavior. To avoid chaos, he said, people enter into a social contract. They give up their rights in exchange for law and order.
Term

Frances Bacon

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 Definition
his ideas of using math & reason to answer questions led him to develop the scientific method
Term

scientific method

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 Definition
  1. observation,
  2. question,
  3. hypothesis,
  4. experimentation,
  5. conclusion
Term

Isaac Newton

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 Definition
  • law of universal gravitation - All physical objects are affected equally by the same forces.
  • laws of motion -
Term
Natural law & Economics
 Definition
  • no government involvement
  • laissez faire
  • free market based on supply and demand
Term
parliamentary democracy
 Definition
  • Voters elect the legislative branch (Parliament).  The Parliament picks the executive branch (Prime Minister), and appoints the judicial branch.
  • Canada, United Kingdom
Term
presidential democracy
 Definition
  • Both the executive branch (President) and the legislative branch (Congress) are elected by the people and answer to the people.
  • The judicial branch (Supreme Court) gets appointed by the other two branches.
  • United States
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